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Deviance Key Terms Handout Alexander Liazos| Social-Conflict Theorist who challenged colleagues to notice that the people we commonly label as deviant are also relatively powerless; called for a new way of studying deviance Anomie| a term used by Èmile Durkheim to describe a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals Authority Figure| a person who has or represents authority in either specific circumstance or in general Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay| American social scientists credited with the Social Disorganization Theory “Collective Consciousness”| a term used by Èmile Durkheim to describe a set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes that operate as a unifying force in society Compliance| an individual’s public conformity while, perhaps, retaining his or her own original beliefs privately; type of conformity Conformity| the behavior that results from a desire to match the behaviors of the majority; doing what everybody else is doing to “fit in” Control Theory| theory that claims when people imagine the consequences of deviant behavior they are discouraged from partaking in that behavior; Travis Hirschi Conventional| conforming or adhering to accepted standards Counter-Culture| a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture Crime| a formal wrong-doing; a violation of a society’s law Crimes against Property| crimes that involve theft of property belonging to others; also known as property crimes Crimes against the Person| crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others; also known as violent crimes Criminal Deviance| violation of criminal laws Criminal Justice System| the organizations- police, courts and prison officials- that respond to alleged crimes Criminal Law| a system of law that identifies crime and is concerned with the punishment of those who commit crimes Criminal Recidivism| later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes Criminologist| social scientist who studies crime and criminals Degradation Ceremony| an aspect of the socialization process in total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals Delinquency| minor crime; especially that committed by young people Deterrence| the attempt to discourage deviance through the use of punishment Deviance| the recognized violation of cultural norms; an infraction of cultural norms Deviance Admiration| a type of deviance that associated with under-conformity to cultural norms but that is evaluated positively Deviant Career| commitment to deviant behavior identified during primary and secondary deviance; occurs following secondary deviance; Erving Goffman Edwin Lemert| American sociologist who expanded the Labeling Theory to include Secondary Deviance Edwin Sutherland| (1883-1950) an American sociologist who studied deviance from the symbolic interactionist perspective and developed the Theory of Differential Association Erving Goffman| (1922-1982) a Canadian sociologist who developed the term “dramaturgical approach” due to his belief that individuals “present” themselves in a certain way in public but act in another way when “hiding” from the “audience;” also credited with the term “Deviant Career” used within the Labeling Theory Formal Sanctions| formal rewards and punishments used to regulate social behavior administered by a person of authority; the means of social control Howard Becker| American sociologist who provided the foundations for the Labeling Theory Identification| a conforming to someone who is liked and respected; usually this type of conformity is associated with a feeling of support, sympathy, understanding or belonging towards a person or thing who is liked and respected; type of conformity Informal Sanctions| informal rewards and punishments used to regulate social behavior administered by a person without authority; the means of social control Innovation| the behavior of a person who accepts cultural goals but reject conventional means; part of Merton’s Strain Theory Internalization| the accepting or internalizing of a cultural norm as one’s own belief which leads to public and private conformity; type of conformity Label| a short word or phrase descriptive of a person; within Labeling Theory usually based on negative deviant behavior Labeling Theory| the idea that deviance and conformity result less from what people do than from how others respond to those actions; Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert Language| the system of symbols that allows people to communicate with each other Master Status| a status that affects other aspects of life and goes along with roles Negative Deviance| deviance that is evaluated negatively Obedience| form of social influence in which an individual yields to instructions or orders from a person of authority Philip Zimbardo| American psychologist noted for his work in the Stanford Prison Experiment Positive Deviance| intentional behavior that violates cultural norms in honorable ways Primary Deviance| the first stage in the Labeling Theory and describes the initial act of deviance; Edwin Lemert Projective Labeling| the prediction of future deviant behaviors of the stigmatized; part of the Labeling Theory Rebellion| the behavior that comes from rejecting both cultural goals and conventional means but while creating alternative goals and means to replace the former; may result in a counterculture; part of Merton’s Strain Theory Rehabilitation| the process to restore an individual to a condition of good social health to prevent future deviant behaviors Residential Mobility| frequent change of residents; as used in the Social Disorganization Theory Retreatism| the behavior of a person rejecting both cultural goals and conventional means that usually results in the individual to “drop out” from society; part of Merton’s Strain Theory Retribution| societal vengeance against an offender of cultural norms or laws according to merits or deserts Retrospective Labeling| the labeling of a person based on looking at the offender’s history in the light of the new stigma; part of the Labeling Theory Ritualism| the behavior that comes from rejecting cultural goals but accepting conventional means; part of Merton’s Strain Theory Robert Merton| (1910-2003) an American sociologist who worked within the StructuralFunctionalist Theory and developed the concept of manifest and latent functions along with dysfunctions along with the Strain Theory used by criminologists Sanctions| rewards and punishments used to regulate social behavior; the means of social control Secondary Deviance| the second state of the Labeling Theory in which one internalizes a deviant identity by integrating it into their self-concept; Edwin Lemert Social Change| the transformation of culture and social institutions over time Social Control| the techniques and strategies for regulating human thoughts and behavior in any environment or society Social Control Theory| a sociological theory that expands the Social Bonding Theory to explain why people conform or deviate: attachment, opportunity, involvement or beliefs within an individual’s society or subgroup that lead the individual to conform to or deviate from cultural norms; Travis Hirschi Social Disorganization Theory| sociological theory that claims ecological conditions specific to certain neighborhoods establish crime rates beyond the characteristics of the individual residents; developed by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay Social Ecology| the branch of sociology concerned with the spacing and interdependence of people and institutions Societal Protection| the removal of an offender from society either temporarily or permanently to prevent future offenses against society Solomon Asch| (1907-1996) an American social psychologist noted for his experiments on conformity Stanley Milgram| (1933-1984) an American social psychologist noted for his experiments on obedience Status| a social position a person holds Stigma| a stain or reproach, as on one’s reputation; can affect person’s self-concept and social identity Strain theory| a theory that suggests when people are prevented from achieving culturally approved goals through institutional means, they experience strain or frustration that can lead to deviance; also known as Robert Merton’s Theory of Deviance Subculture| a group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important aspects Theory of Differential Association| theory that claims that deviance is a learned behavior— people learn it from the different groups with which they associate; counters arguments that deviant behavior is biological or due to personality; Edwin Sutherland Total Institutions| institutions that regulate all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority while keeping the individual separate from the rest of society; an example would include prisons Travis Hirschi| (1935- ) an American criminologist who focused his study on juvenile delinquency and developed the Control Theory Victimless Crimes| violations of law in which there are no obvious victims