Download It is really confusing!!!

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It is really confusing!!!
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No,
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we can actually see that everyone have different perceptions which lead to
the different number of blocks seen.
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An individual with a positive self-concept tends to notice
positive attributes in another person and vice versa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGQmdoK_ZfY
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What is Perception?
Perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment.
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Receive
Our organism receive stimuli
through sensory organs:
Vison, hearing, Smell, touch,
taste and kinaesthetics
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Select
•  Not all stimuli received by human. Some are noticed
and some are screened out à selecting
•  Several factors influence selection: external & internal
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or target & perceiver
Organize
•  Organization is process by which people group stimuli
into recognizable patterns
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Factors Influence Perception
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Factors in the perceiver
Attitute:
The perceiver's attitudes affect perception
Mr. X may feel that women are not capable of
holding their own in tough negotiations.
Motives:
The perceiver's attitudes affect perception
Boss who is insecure perceives a sub ordinate's
efforts to do an outstanding job as a threat to
his position. Hunger recognize only food among
others
The focus of our attention appears to be
influenced by our interests
Supervisor who has just been complained by his
boss for coming late is more likely to notice his
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colleagues coming late tomorrow than before.
Interest:
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Factors in the perceiver
Expectation:
expectations can
distort your
perceptions in that
you will see what
you expect to see
Experience: experience and knowledge serve as
basis for perception.
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Factors in the target
Novelty: new and unique thing attract attention
Motion: people give more attention on moving thing
Sound: people sensitive to loudness and diff. of sound
Size: larger size object is more to be noticed
Proximity: individual behavior may be perceived to be
group behaviour
Similarity: items that are similar in some way tend to be
grouped together
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Factors in the situation
Time:
can be distorted under certain circumstances.
Factors that effect time passed: level of fatigue;
level of concentration; Depression and
Happiness
Work setting: work situation influences
productivity the most à assess how workers
perceive their jobs as correct as possible.
Social setting: How an individual perceives other.
Can be flawed, misperceive, misjudge. Once we
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form wrong impressions, they are likely to persist.
ACTIVITY
Work in group
Finding example for different example for factors influence to perception
- Factors in perceiver
- Factors in the target
- Factor in situation
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Perception of people
What people perceive can be substantially different from
objective reality.
People’s behavior is based on their perception of what
reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is
the world that is behaviorally important.
Perception important in the study of OB?
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Why perception is important?
Behaviour in the workplace is based on
people’s perception of the workplace
There are various ways that a person can
perceive a situation in the work environment
that can lead to problems
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Making Judgments about others
- Interpret
After data has been received or organized, the perceiver
interprets or assign meaning to the information.
Several factors contribute toward interpretation of data:
- Attribution theory
- Perceptual set
- Stereotyping
- Halo effect
- Projection
...
Interpret
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Why perception is important? - Interpret
Attribution theory – Process that individual assigns causes
(internal / external) to the behaviour.
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Why perception is important? - Interpret
Attribution theory –
The tendency to underestimate external factors and overestimate
internal factors when judging the behaviour of others.
e.g. A nurse who drop a tray of medicine, causes possible: slipper
floor, clumsiness, deliberate act
The tendency to attribute one’s own successes to internal factors
and blame one’s own failures on external factors (bad luck)
e.g.: “If someone sues you and you win the case, should he pay
your legal costs?” and “If you sue someone and lose the case,
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should you pay his costs?”
Why perception is important? - Interpret
Selective perception — The tendency to selectively interpret what
is seen based on one’s interests, background, experience and
attitudes
e.g.: a teacher may have a favorite student because they are
biased by in-group favoritism. The teacher ignores the student's
poor attainment.
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Why perception is important? - Interpret
Halo effect — The tendency to draw a general impression about an
individual based on a single characteristic
e.g.: He is very amiable
à he must be a good husband
à he must be soft-hearted
à he must be a true friend
à he must be a good son
Contrast Effects - Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that is
affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who
rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
e.g.: interviewers can make distortions in given candidate as result of
his place in the interview schedule.
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Why perception is important? - Interpret
Stereotyping — The tendency to judge someone on the basis of
the perception of a group to which that person belongs
e.g.: All Chinese is impolite
Projection — The tendency to attribute one’s own characteristics
to other people
e.g.: a person that not very energetic may see others as lazy or
explain lack of achievement from their unwillingness to work
Perceptual set – previous belief about objects influencing
perception of similar objects
e.g.: manager develop belief that workers are lazy, want to get
benefits without putting much effort à all workers are selfish.
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Applications in Organization
•  Employment Interview
•  Performance Expectations
•  Performance Evaluation
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Managerial Implications of
Perception
•  Interpersonal Working Relationships
•  Selection of Employees
•  Performance appraisal
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Developing Perceptual Skills
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Perceiving oneself correctly
Enhancing Self concept
Having positive attitudes
Being Empathic
Communicating More openly
Avoiding Common Perceptual Distortions
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Learning Outcomes
Perception
1 Define perception and explain the factors that influence it.
2 Explain attribution theory and list the three determinants of
attribution.
3 Identify the shortcuts individuals use in making judgments about
others.
4 Explain the link between perception and decision making.
5 Apply the rational model of decision making and contrast it with
bounded rationality and intuition.
6 List and explain the common decision biases or errors.
7 Explain how individual differences and organizational constraints
affect decision making.
8 Contrast the three ethical decision criteria.
9 Define creativity and discuss the three-component model of
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creativity.
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