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Chapter 7: Learning Study Plan: Session 1 1. Read the outline for the chapter. Survey the topics for your chapter. This can be found on my website or the table of contents. 2. Read chapter objectives as shown below. The chapter objectives can also be found on the publisher’s website. 3. Read the corresponding section(s). 4. Make a detailed outline of the section you just read. 5. Answer the objectives for the section shown below. Answer with as much detail as possible. Describe examples of the psychological concepts. 6. Practice learning the vocabulary. Use the electronic flashcards from the publisher’s website. Chapter outline Chapter objectives Learning Classical Conditioning 1. List three key ideas in the definition of learning and discuss the relationship between learning and behaviorism. 2. Describe classical conditioning. In doing so, identify the unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR) in Pavlov’s experiments and other preparations, including drug overdoses. 3. Compare the acquisition, second-order conditioning, extinction, and spontaneous recovery of a classically conditioned response. 4. Discuss how stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination occur in classical conditioning. 5. Describe the events surrounding the experience of Little Albert, noting in particular how this case appeared to bolster the behaviorist view of conditioned emotional responses. 6. Identify the cognitive elements of classical conditioning, with focus on the principles identified in the Rescorla-Wagner model. 7. Distinguish between delay and trace conditioning, and discuss how these procedures can shed light on the role of consciousness in classical conditioning. 8. Identify the neural elements of classical conditioning, with a focus on the involvement of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and amygdala. 9. Identify the evolutionary elements of classical conditioning, especially conditioned food aversions and preferences and the concept of biological preparedness. Classical Conditioning • The Development of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Experiments • The Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning • THE REAL WORLD Understanding Drug Overdoses • Conditioned Emotional Reponses: The Case of Little Albert • A Deeper Understanding of Classical Conditioning • CULTURE AND COMMUNITY Is it Possible that Humans have an Innate Ability to Understand Geometry? Operant Conditioning • The Development of Operant Conditioning: The Law of Effect • B.F. Skinner: The Role of Reinforcement and Punishment • The Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning • A Deeper Understanding of Operant Conditioning • HOT SCIENCE Control of Learning: From the Laboratory to the Classroom Observational Learning • Observational Learning in Humans • HOT SCIENCE Even More Reasons to Sleep • Observational Learning in Animals • Neural Elements of Observational Learning Implicit Learning • Habituation: A Simple Case of Implicit Learning • Cognitive Approaches to Implicit Learning • Implicit and Explicit Learning Use Distinct Neural Pathways • WHERE DO YOU STAND? Learning Rewards for Its own Sake? page 1 Chapter 7: Learning Study Plan: Session 2 1. Read the outline for the chapter. Survey the topics for your chapter. This can be found on my website or the table of contents. 2. Read chapter objectives as shown below. The chapter objectives can also be found on the publisher’s website. 3. Read the corresponding section(s). 4. Make a detailed outline of the section you just read. 5. Answer the objectives for the section shown below. Answer with as much detail as possible. Describe examples of the psychological concepts. 6. Practice learning the vocabulary. Use the electronic flashcards from the publisher’s website. Chapter outline Learning Classical Conditioning • The Development of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Experiments • The Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning • THE REAL WORLD Understanding Drug Overdoses • Conditioned Emotional Reponses: The Case of Little Albert • A Deeper Understanding of Classical Conditioning • CULTURE AND COMMUNITY Is it Possible that Humans have an Innate Ability to Understand Geometry? Operant Conditioning • The Development of Operant Conditioning: The Law of Effect • B.F. Skinner: The Role of Reinforcement and Punishment • The Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning • A Deeper Understanding of Operant Conditioning • HOT SCIENCE Control of Learning: From the Laboratory to the Classroom Observational Learning • Observational Learning in Humans • HOT SCIENCE Even More Reasons to Sleep • Observational Learning in Animals • Neural Elements of Observational Learning Implicit Learning • Habituation: A Simple Case of Implicit Learning • Cognitive Approaches to Implicit Learning • Implicit and Explicit Learning Use Distinct Neural Pathways • WHERE DO YOU STAND? Learning Rewards for Its own Sake? Chapter objectives Operant Conditioning 10. Define operant conditioning and distinguish between a classically conditioned response and an operant response. 11. Describe Thorndike’s puzzle box and state the Law of Effect. 12. Discuss the methodological and theoretical contributions of B. F. Skinner to the study of reinforcement and punishment, including how reinforcement can produce superstitious behavior. 13. Define and give an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. 14. Describe types of primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers; also distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic reinforcers, and describe the overjustification effect. 15. Discuss the role of context in operant conditioning by describing the three-term contingency and noting the roles of discrimination and generalization in the stimulus control of behavior. 16. Describe how an operant response is extinguished and contrast operant extinction with extinction of a classically conditioned response. 17. Explain how schedules of reinforcement affect learning; include examples of fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval, and variable ratio schedules. 18. Explain how the shaping of successive approximations to a desired behavior can eventually produce that behavior. 19. Identify the cognitive elements of operant conditioning, especially the concepts of latent learning and cognitive maps identified by Edward Chace Tolman. 20. Identify the neural elements of operant conditioning, with a focus on the involvement of structures in the “pleasure center” of the brain. 21. Identify the evolutionary elements of operant conditioning, especially the “misbehavior” of organisms that was first identified by Marion and Kellar Breland. page 2 Chapter 7: Learning Study Plan: Session 3 1. Read the outline for the chapter. Survey the topics for your chapter. This can be found on my website or the table of contents. 2. Read chapter objectives as shown below. The chapter objectives can also be found on the publisher’s website. 3. Read the corresponding section(s). 4. Make a detailed outline of the section you just read. 5. Answer the objectives for the section shown below. Answer with as much detail as possible. Describe examples of the psychological concepts. 6. Practice learning the vocabulary. Use the electronic flashcards from the publisher’s website. Chapter outline Learning Classical Conditioning • The Development of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Experiments • The Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning • THE REAL WORLD Understanding Drug Overdoses • Conditioned Emotional Reponses: The Case of Little Albert • A Deeper Understanding of Classical Conditioning • CULTURE AND COMMUNITY Is it Possible that Humans have an Innate Ability to Understand Geometry? Operant Conditioning • The Development of Operant Conditioning: The Law of Effect • B.F. Skinner: The Role of Reinforcement and Punishment • The Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning • A Deeper Understanding of Operant Conditioning • HOT SCIENCE Control of Learning: From the Laboratory to the Classroom Observational Learning • Observational Learning in Humans • HOT SCIENCE Even More Reasons to Sleep • Observational Learning in Animals • Neural Elements of Observational Learning Implicit Learning • Habituation: A Simple Case of Implicit Learning • Cognitive Approaches to Implicit Learning • Implicit and Explicit Learning Use Distinct Neural Pathways • WHERE DO YOU STAND? Learning Rewards for Its own Sake? Chapter objectives Observational Learning 22. Explain how observational learning can occur in humans, noting especially Bandura’s research on learning aggressive responses, and how observational learning can spread via a diffusion chain. 23. Describe several studies demonstrating observational learning in animals. 24. Identify the neural elements of observational learning, with a focus on mirror neurons. page 3 Chapter 7: Learning Study Plan: Session 4 1. Read the outline for the chapter. Survey the topics for your chapter. This can be found on my website or the table of contents. 2. Read chapter objectives as shown below. The chapter objectives can also be found on the publisher’s website. 3. Read the corresponding section(s). 4. Make a detailed outline of the section you just read. 5. Answer the objectives for the section shown below. Answer with as much detail as possible. Describe examples of the psychological concepts. 6. Practice learning the vocabulary. Use the electronic flashcards from the publisher’s website. Chapter outline Chapter objectives Learning Implicit Learning 25. Define implicit learning and describe a simple form of implicit learning, habituation. 26. Describe how cognitive and neural approaches to the study of implicit learning have yielded characteristics of implicit learning that distinguish it from explicit learning. Classical Conditioning • The Development of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Experiments • The Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning • THE REAL WORLD Understanding Drug Overdoses • Conditioned Emotional Reponses: The Case of Little Albert • A Deeper Understanding of Classical Conditioning • CULTURE AND COMMUNITY Is it Possible that Humans have an Innate Ability to Understand Geometry? Operant Conditioning • The Development of Operant Conditioning: The Law of Effect • B.F. Skinner: The Role of Reinforcement and Punishment • The Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning • A Deeper Understanding of Operant Conditioning • HOT SCIENCE Control of Learning: From the Laboratory to the Classroom Observational Learning • Observational Learning in Humans • HOT SCIENCE Even More Reasons to Sleep • Observational Learning in Animals • Neural Elements of Observational Learning Implicit Learning • Habituation: A Simple Case of Implicit Learning • Cognitive Approaches to Implicit Learning • Implicit and Explicit Learning Use Distinct Neural Pathways • WHERE DO YOU STAND? Learning Rewards for Its own Sake? page 4 Chapter 7: Learning Study Plan: Session 5 After the entire chapter has been covered: • Review all sections and objectives. Allocate more time where there are more exam items (the number of exam items can be found on the website) • Take the practice quizzes from the publisher’s website • Spend about an hour reviewing the key concepts from previous chapters Overall, you should have spent approximately 12 hours studying per chapter. If you are sleep deprived or multi-tasking, you will spend more than 12 hours studying and retaining less. page 5