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Ancient Rome From Republic to Empire Growth of Rome The Geography of Rome • Geography helped Rome establish a great empire in the Mediterranean region. – The city of Rome was centrally located on the Italian peninsula. • Trade routes that linked the cities of Italy passed through Rome. • Unlike Greece, the mountains of Italy, the Apennines, were not rugged and did not prevent Rome from unifying the cities of Italy. • Rome was located 18 miles up the Tiber River and built on seven mountains. • Since it was up the Tiber River, trade could come to the city, but it was hard to attack from the sea. • Since the city was built on seven mountains, it was hard to attack from land. The Geography of Rome • Italy was located in the center of the Mediterranean world. – Of the three great peninsulas of southern Europe, Italy is the one in the middle. – Also, the Italian peninsula is only 100 miles from North Africa. – Italy’s position in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea made it easy for the Romans to launch military operations to the east or west. Legend of Rome’s Founding • Aeneas migrated from Troy to Italy • Two of his descendants, Romulus and Remus, were abandoned by an evil uncle in the flooded Tiber River • A kindly she-wolf found them and nursed them to health • The boys grew strong and courageous and in 753 B.C., Romulus founded the city of Rome and established himself as its first king Romulus and Remus being nursed by the she-wolf Early Settlers in Italy - Latins • After 2000 BC, many groups of people invaded Italy and settled throughout the peninsula. – Settlers called the Latins built villages along the Tiber River that later joined to form Rome. Early Settlers in Italy - Etruscans • The Etruscans from Asia Minor captured Rome and the surrounding areas and ruled until 509 BC. – The Etruscans developed an alphabet and a written language. – They were skilled in making, clothing, jewelry, metal, pottery, and wood. – They knew how to pave roads, drain swamps, and build sewer systems. – The Romans got their dress (toga) and army organization from the Etruscans. The Roman Army was organized around groups of 100 commanded by a centurion. 50 of these groups, 5,000 men, formed a legion, commanded by a general. Early Settlers in Italy - Greeks • The people of Greece started colonies in southern Italy and spread their culture to the Romans. – The Romans learned to cultivate olives and grapes from the Greeks. – The Greeks also influenced the Roman alphabet, art, sculpture, architecture, literature and religion. • In time, the Latins, Etruscans, Greeks, and other people began to think of themselves as Roman. Control of Italy • Over a period of several hundred years, Rome expanded beyond its borders. – In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and set up a republic. – Roman armies were well organized, well trained, and had a high moral. – Rome took control of most of Italy. – The defeated peoples in Italy usually became allies of Rome. The Roman Republic • A republic is a type of government in which people elect their own leaders. – The government was controlled by powerful aristocrats called patricians. – All other people belonged to the lower class, or plebeians. – Men in both groups were citizens and could vote, but only patricians could be elected to public office. – Rome’s first set of laws were engraved on tablets known as the Twelve Tables and displayed in the Forum, the main public square. The Roman Republic (continued) • The Senate, made up of 300 patricians, made the law and controlled tax policy and foreign policy. • The Assembly, which represented the plebeians, had little real power at first, but gradually gained more responsibility. • In times of emergency, a dictator was chosen and given absolute power to act quickly and decisively. • Two consuls, both patricians, ran the government and commanded the army. • There were two praetors (judges) over civil law. One for cases involving Roman citizens and another for cases between noncitizens. The family was the center of religion, morals, and education. – The typical Roman family was an extended family that included unmarried children, married sons and their families, certain other relatives and family slaves. – The father led the religious services, taught his son farming, and made all important decisions. – The mother managed the household and taught the children reading, writing and arithmetic. – Children were trained to obey their elders and be good citizens. – The Romans believed the spirits of the gods had to be kept happy through ritual and sacrifices. – The father of the gods was Jupiter, and his wife Juno. Who do you think would be a likely rival for control of the Mediterranean Sea? The Punic Wars The First Punic War • Rome expanded into the western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars. – Rome took the island of Sicily away from Carthage its rival in North Africa in the first Punic War (264-259 BC) The Punic Wars The Second Punic War • During the Second Punic War, the great Hannibal of Carthage won many battles against the Romans but was finally defeated. – Hannibal crossed the Alps into northern Italy with about 46,000 men a number of horses and 37 battle elephants, and overwhelmed the Roman armies at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. – Although Hannibal roamed Italy freely, he was unable to take the cities. – In 206 BC Rome drove the Carthaginians out of Spain and in 202 BC they attacked Carthage. – Hannibal was called back to Carthage and defeated by the Roman General Scipio at the Battle of Zama. – Carthage had to give up Spain and its rich gold and silver mines to Rome. The Punic Wars The Third Punic War • In the Third Punic War (149-146 BC) the Romans totally destroyed Carthage. • Rome laid siege to Carthage – city set to fire and its 50,000 inhabitants were sold into slavery – territory was made a Roman province Rome Spreads East • Rome’s conquests led to its domination of the Eastern Mediterranean. – Macedonia fell in 197 BC and the other Greek city-states soon followed. – Other victories left Rome as the sole power in the Mediterranean world. As they expanded their control… …the Romans built an excellent network of roads Here’s how they built them: Their road system is one of the Romans’ greatest achievements Why do you think they built them? The Roman Road System Allowed easy military transport Enabled trade and commerce Helped unify expanding Roman territories Roman expansion led to problems - Provinces • Newly acquired territories, called provinces, were poorly governed. – The people were not granted citizenship or made allies, as were the people of Italy. – The provinces were heavily taxed. – Roman governors in the provinces sometimes were more interested in taking money for themselves than providing for the needs of the people. Roman expansion led to problems - Poverty • Farmers in Italy had a hard time competing against farmers in the provinces. – In the provinces, landowners could grow cheaper grain because they used inexpensive slave labor. – Many Italian farmers abandoned their land and moved to the cities, but often could not find jobs. – People came to be judged by their wealth rather than their character. The Gracchi Brothers • The Gracchi brothers suggested reforms that would help the poor. – Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus proposed that public land seized by wealthy nobles be returned to those Romans who did not have any land. – Gaius also wanted to weaken the power of the Senate, which was controlled by the rich. – Both brothers were killed in riots led by senator opposed to reform. From Republic to Empire: Civil War • The Roman Republic became the Roman Empire – A civil war broke out between the forces of Marius and Sulla. • Marius drew his support from the Popular party which controlled the Assembly. • Sulla represented the Senatorial Party. • Sulla’s army won the war, and he ruled as a military dictator for several years. Rome was ruled by the First Triumvirate • Over ½ of the people in the Roman Empire were slaves. Sparticus led a slave revolt in Italy. • Gnaeus Pompey, one of Sulla’s generals, joined forces with Julius Caesar (a military leader in Spain) and Marcus Crassus (the richest man in Rome) to form the First Triumphirate. They defeat and crucify the revolting slaves. • The three men controlled the government of Rome. – Pompey ruled over Italy. – Crassus was the leader of the eastern provinces. – Caesar was the leader of the western provinces and brought Gaul (France) under Roman control. Julius Caesar became the dictator of Rome • Crassus was killed in a war in Asia in 53 BC. • The Senate ordered Caesar to step down and allow Pompey to rule alone. • Caesar refused to step down. He and his army crossed the Rubicon River (the southern border of his provinces) and defeated Pompey to become the sole ruler of Rome. Caesar introduced a number of reforms • Public lands were given to the poor. • Many people in the provinces were granted citizenship. • Improvements were made in the government of the provinces. • Roads were built, swamps were drained, and other public works programs were undertaken. • A new calendar was set up that had 365 days, plus an extra day every four years for “leap year.” The Assassination of Caesar • Members of the senate who were jealous of Caesar’s power stabbed him to death on the “Ides of March” – March 15, 44 BC. Augustus became the first Roman Emperor • Brutus and Cassius, two assassins of Julius Caesar, were defeated by Mark Antony (Caesar’s main assistant general), Lepidus (Caesar’s cavalry leader), and Octavian (Caesar’s heir.) – Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian form the Second Triumvirate. • Octavian ruled the west, and Mark Antony, ruled the east. They came into conflict and civil war broke out. • Octavian defeated Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. Mark Antony fled to Egypt where he and his mistress, Cleopatra, committed suicide. • The Senate gave Octavian the name “Augustus” meaning “most high” making him Rome’s first emperor. Emperor Augustus • As emperor, Augustus had the authority to make laws and veto any laws proposed by the Senate. • Under Augustus, Rome experienced its “Golden Age.” – – – His reign marked the beginning of “Pax Romana”, or “Roman Peace” which lasted for almost 200 years. Augustus was the first in a line of emperors who were worshipped as gods and allowed to choose their own successors. Jesus Christ was born during the rule of Augustus. Later Emperors Later emperors enlarged the Roman Empire and brought about important changes. – Tiberius added to his own power by doing away with the Assembly. – Nero blamed the Christians for burning Rome and began persecution of the Christians. – Claudius made Britain a Roman territory and helped unify the empire by letting people from the provinces sit in the Senate. – Vespasian built the Coliseum and sent an army to destroy Jerusalem, a city in Palestine. – The Roman Empire reached its largest size when Trajan took possession of Dacia (now Romania). Later Emperors (continued) • Hadrian had a wall built, Hadrian’s Wall, along the northern border of the empire (between what is now England and Scotland) to protect against invasions by barbarian tribes. • Marcus Aurelius was the last emperor during the “Pax Romana,” the period of peace when Roman culture flourished and spread throughout the empire. • After 100 years of warfare and disorder, Diocletian brought peace once again to the Roman Empire, but he took away personal freedom. He also divided the empire into western and eastern halves each with its own emperor. • Constantine temporarily reunited the Roman Empire and moved the capital to Byzantium, renamed Constantinople in his honor. He also was the first emperor to become a Christian. Fall of the Roman Empire • The Roman Empire steadily declined in power and finally collapsed. – By 400 AD, the empire had once again divided into two parts – The Eastern Roman Empire and The Western Roman Empire. The Western Romans Empire fell for many reasons. When the emperors limited personal freedom, they lost the support of the people. • The empire was too large to govern effectively. • Civil wars also broke out between rival political groups. • While some people were very rich, most were poor and often did not own their own land. • The increased use of slaves put many Romans out of work. • The population declined because of war, hunger, and disease. • The Huns, Goths, Angles, Saxons, Franks, and other barbarian tribes overran the empire. • Romulus Augustus, the last Roman Emperor, was overthrown in 476 AD. The Fall of Rome The Huns, under Attila, were eventually defeated by the Romans, but Rome had to use mercenaries to defeat the Huns. The Pope met with Attila to keep him from attacking the city of Rome. The Visigoths under Alaric destroyed the city of Rome in 410. The Visigoths under Odoacer destroy Rome and dispose the last Emperor, Romulus Augustus. The Byzantine Empire • The Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire, lasted for another 1000 years. It was defeated by the Turks in 1453. Conclusion • Rome grew form a small town to the most powerful empire of the ancient world. No people have united western Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa like the Romans did. They ruled from the cold mountains of Scotland to the hot deserts of the Middle East. The controlled all of the land around the Mediterranean Sea.