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Transcript
Chapter 41: Endocrine System Key Concepts 1. Hormones & how they work 2. Nervous & endocrine systems overlap 3. Major mammalian endocrine glands & hormones Internal Communication Systems of the Body -Nervous system controls endocrine function; these systems are cooperative -nervous system = quick responses -endocrine system = slower but longer acting responses Endocrine System Endocrine cells: Target cells: Hormones: 1. Circulating: 2. Paracrine: 3. Autocrine: 3 Hormone Types • Peptides or polypeptides: • Steroid hormones • Amine hormones: - 3 Hormone Types Peptides ADH, oxytocin, insulin Water soluble Amines (derived from amino acids) Thyroxine, epinephrine (adrenaline) Steroids testosterone, estrogen, progesterone Lipid soluble Hormone receptors: • Water-soluble hormones: • Lipid soluble hormones: How Hormones Function Hormone Affects Are Diverse Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus: - Pituitary gland: - Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Connection via neurosecretory cells Connection via portal blood vessels Fig. 41.7 Anterior pituitary secretes: • Tropic hormones: • Non-tropic hormones: Ex. of Anterior Pituitary Gland Tropic Hormones (controls other endocrine glands) Follicle stimulating hormone - Ex. of Anterior Pituitary Gland Non-Tropic Hormones (direct effects on target tissues) Prolactin Many functions - Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormone: Human Growth Factor (GH) *Tropic & Non-tropic effects Wide variety of effects Anterior pituitary also secretes thyrotropin (TSH) (Tropic) activates Thyroid Gland to produce thyroxine Hormones Coordinate Other Responses 1. Digestion Hormones Coordinate Other Responses 2. Blood Calcium Hormones Coordinate Other Responses 3. Blood glucose Hormones Coordinate Responses to External Environment Changes 1) Short-term stress (fight-or-flight): 2) Long-term stress: Adrenal Gland: Stress Pineal Gland: Biorhythms Hormone receptor abundance can be regulated How is the release of hormones controlled? Feedback Loops!