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1 DYNAMIC EDUCATION 2 https://pixabay.com/en/photos/?q=biology&image_type=&cat=&order= Biology Biology is the study of living things from familiar, complex multicellular organisms that live in the many different habitats of our biosphere to single celled micro-organisms that live in seemingly inhospitable conditions. It is a study of the dynamic relationships between living things, their interdependence, their interactions with the non-living environment, and the processes that maintain life and ensure its continuity. Biology enables students to understand that despite the diverse ways of meeting the challenges of survival, all living things have many structural and functional characteristics in common. 3 Cells All living organisms, from a single celled bacteria to an elephant are composed of cells. Cells are the basic building blocks of life, but not all cells are made the same. If you’ve ever seen a plant and animal cell you’ll notice they have different structures and Organelles. Questions 1. What is the role of the mitochondria, cell membrane, vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall and cytoplasm. 2. Draw a Venn- Diagram, comparing a plant to animal cell 3. Why do plants need cell walls? 4 Specialised Cells You should be able to explain the structure and function of the following cells: Nerve cells, Red Blood Cells (RBC), sperm cell, egg cell, root hair cell and palisade cells Multi-cellular organisms (like you and me) contain many different types of cells. Each cell serves a specific function and thus, has a specific structure. Unlike the roots of a plant, the leafs constantly see light. Therefore they photosynthesis while the root cells do not. Cells in the contain chloroplast, and tightly packed to maximises the adsorption of light. Root hair cells are found all over the roots. The are special cells which are designed to absorb the max amount of water and minerals. They have thin walls and long finger like structure to increase their surface area 5 have a thin outer membrane, to assist in the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 1. Explain why root cells do not contain chloroplast. Their concave shape increases their surface are, allowing them to carry more oxygen, and when matured, the loose their nucleus. Making more space for oxygen. 2. Explain how root cells specialised for the function. carry impulses all around the body. From your brain to your toes, the messages are carried by neurons. The are extremely long, have connections at both ends and use a series of chemical and electrical impulses to send messages. contain only 1/2 the chromosomes. They use a move. This tail is packed with mitochondria for energy. The head of the sperm is streamline, and helps is get into the egg cell. 3. What is the roll of a RBC and how does its function assist? 4. Draw and label a neuron. Explain how its structure assists its function? 5. What is meant by the term Multi cellular? Give 2 examples of unicellular and 2 examples of multicellular organisms. 6 Model Cells You have been .... All living organisms, from a single celled bacteria to an elephant are composed of cells. Cells are the basic building blocks of life, but not all cells are made the same. If you’ve ever seen a plant and animal cell you’ll notice they have different structures and Organelles. 7 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 8 Cells worksheet 1.a) From the list of things which living organisms can do, choose two which bees can do and dandelions cannot do: (2 marks) Move make their own food reproduce grow breathe in and out 1.b) From the same list of words choose one which dandelions can do and bees cannot do (1 mark) 1.c) Name two things not listed above which all living things can do (2 marks) 1.d) Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the words given below: Stimulus movement increase food nutrition reproduction waste All living organisms show these seven characteristics of life –MR GREEN _____________ means they can move all or part of their bodies. Respiration means they can release energy from _____________ . Growth means they _______________ in size. _________________ means that new organisms are produced. Excretion means the removal of _______________ produced by the organism. Excitability means being able to react to a _____________ . ________________ Means being able to obtain food to use for growth and to repair the body. (7 marks) 2.a) On the diagrams of the cells below label three parts which both plant and animal cells have (3 marks) 2.b) Name two parts which plant cells have but animal cells do not (2 marks) 9 2.c) Join together the parts of the cells and their correct functions using a ruled line: Cells become specialised to perform a particular function. For each cell below label a part which allows it to perform its function well and also describe the function it performs 4. Why do root hair cells not have chloroplasts? (1 mark) 5. Euglena is a single celled organism. It lives in pond water. Euglena makes a sugar called glucose. a Give the name of the process in which Euglena makes glucose (1 marks) b Euglena produces starch grains from glucose. Explain what will happen to the number of starch grains in the cell if Euglena is kept in the dark. (2 marks) 30 Marks total 10 Cellular organisation 11 12 Chemistry Info on chemistry Vestibulum semper enim non eros. Sed vitae arcu. Aliquam erat volutpat. Praesent odio nisl, suscipit at, rhoncus sit amet, porttitor sit amet, leo. Aenean hendrerit est. Etiam ac augue. Morbi tincidunt neque ut lacus. Duis vulputate cursus orci. Mauris justo lorem, scelerisque sit amet, placerat sed, condimentum in, leo. Donec urna est, semper quis, auctor eget, ultrices in, purus. Etiam rutrum. Aliquam blandit dui a libero. Praesent tortor tortor, bibendum vehicula, accumsan sed, adipiscing a, pede. Nullam et tortor. Suspendisse tempor leo quis nunc fringilla volutpat. Donec rutrum ullamcorper lorem. Nunc tincidunt sagittis 13 Particle model 14 States of matter You should be able to List the 4 states of matter Matter can come in four states. By this, I mean that matter can exist in a , , We see these states all around us. In our bodies, matter exists in all 3 forms (solid, liquid and gas). In solids, particles are tightly packed together. Held by strong forces of attraction. These particles can’t move, but do vibrate in a fixed position. In liquids, the particle are close together, however they aren’t held as strongly as in solids. When we heat up the solid the particle vibrate. They eventually vibrate so much that they break free from the lattice pattern. 15 In gases, the particles are far apart and move much faster. As the liquid is heated the particles gain more energy and being to take up more space. Eventually they break free completely from the forces which hold them together. This is called It was long thought that there was only 3 states of matter, Solid, liquid and gas. However after studying the stars, scientists discovered a fourth state. Plasma. This is ironic because plasma actually makes up 97% of the visible universe. As we add more energy to a solid structure, it eventually becomes a liquid. Add more energy and it becomes a gas. Add even more energy and it become a plasma 1.