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Personality Personality Structure (Psychodynamic) Psychodynamic Approach Sigmund Freud Term Explanation The psychodynamic perspective was developed by Sigmund Freud and emphasized the role and influence of the unconscious and early childhood memories as influential towards personality development. Levels of awareness Conscious awareness- consciously aware of stimuli presently around you at a given point Preconscious awareness- (memories) easy to retrieve into conscious awareness Application/Example/Extension Freud used projective tests, which are tests designed to project or reveal, unconscious thoughts. These tests, however, proved to be unreliable as people reported different opinions- which were often influenced by their mood or present emotions Two examples of projective tests are the Rorschach test, viewing 10 inkblots, and the TAT test, comprising of ambiguous scenes, which patients would then tell a story. Subjects were asked to report what they saw in each of these tests, which led to unconscious conflicts and motivation. An example of conscious awareness would be listening and understanding what your teacher is discussing during a lecture. An example of preconscious awareness would be remembering what you had for dinner last night. Even though you were not presently thinking about what you ate last night- it is easy to bring that memory of last night’s dinner into conscious awareness. Unconscious awareness- information An example of the unconscious would be traumatic memories, which could that you are not aware of, but impacts affect your personality- ex: childhood neglect could cause intimacy issues in and controls your personality adolescence. Freud believed that personality is the result of Id, ego, and superego are similar to the “Loony Tunes cartoons” The Id conflicts and battles between the Id and the represents the bad cat, the superego represents the good cat, and the ego Superego, leaving the Ego to mediate, or find a represents Sylvester the Cat, which is often trying to satisfy the bad and the solution, to the conflict good. Id- component of personality that operates The Id is present at birth and demands immediate gratification, which is why according to the pleasure principle, which babies cry hysterically when they want something. focuses on immediate gratification and An example of the Id would be how animals behave. The Id is largely survival. instinctual, which is why when animals kill they do not experience remorse or guilt. They are operating solely on the Id. Libido- psychic energy contained in the Id Thanatos- contained in the Id; responsible for aggression Eros- contained in the Id; source of energy that preserves life Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan: Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only. Personality Psychosexual Stages Development Psychodynamic Perspective Ego- component of personality that operates according to the reality principle, which takes into account realistic and societal standards as a method to mediate between the demands of the Id and the expectations of the Superego Superego- component of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong- your conscience Psychosexual stages are characterized by the Id searching different erogenous zones, (parts of the body) for pleasure and gratification. Oral stage- occurs from birth to 18 months, when the Id focuses on the mouth region for pleasure. This includes the activities of breast feeding, pacifiers, putting toys and objects in mouth Anal stage- occurs from 18 months until 3 years, where the Id focuses on the anal area. This includes applying control and independence in the toilet training process Everyone’s Ego, or personality, is different and unique because the Ego ultimately chooses, or compromises between the Id and Superego. A person who is aggressive may have a dominating Id, while people who are often worried may have an overactive Superego. The Superego is influenced by how people are raised, which could explain why some people hear their mother’s voice in their head while making a decision. When the Id is not given adequate time to An example of fixation explore a certain erogenous zone during would be if you were not the correct developmental stage, fixation allowed to have ice cream as can occur later in life. Fixation is a child. As an adult you may characterized by an obsession or an over- overindulge in ice cream. indulgence of activities associated with Partly why this occurs is achieving pleasure in that particular because you always erogenous zone during adulthood. wondered why you could never have ice cream. Examples of adult oral fixation would be adults who obsessively or unconsciously smoke, eat, chew gum, bite fingernails, etc. This is classified as fixation and not boredom because people who are orally fixated are unaware (remember it is occurring within the unconscious) that they are chewing on something thus gratifying the Id. A person is surprised when told to stop biting their fingernail because he or she was unaware that they were biting their fingernail. An example of anal fixation would be anal retention in adulthood, which is characterized by people who are excessively neat and become bothered when other people move a personal possession. The Id is making up for a lack of control during the anal stage, particularly toilet training. If a child is not left alone during the toilet training process then fixation could occur. Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan: Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only. Personality Phallic stage- occurs 3-6 years and the genital area is the Id’s concern (also occurring during this stage is the emergence and resolution of the Oedipus complex and development of the superego) *Freud did not study women so it is undetermined whether girls go through something similar to the Oedipus complex* Defense Mechanisms Some theorists in turn suggest that girls go through the electra complex, but most researcher’s question this event. The superego develops during the phallic For example, a mom who cannot discipline her son may stage through resolution of the Oedipus state, “Go talk to your fathercomplex. The Oedipus complex occurs you don’t listen (identify) to when a boy is sexually attracted to his mother and resentful of his father. Once a me.” Some theorists believe boy realizes that societal restraints do not if a father is not present at home during the phallic allow such a relationship towards the stage, the superego may not mother, the boy’s attitude switches accurately develop because favorably towards his father allowing the the identification process defense mechanism of identification to does not take place resulting emerge resulting in the development of in discipline problems. The the superego. Because the boy identifies boy could compensate for with his father, the boy willingly then this by identifying to a male listens to his father. This relationship coach or a teacher to develop allows the superego to develop as the the superego. father can now teach the son right and wrong. During the latent stage, usually upper elementary school time, boys hang out with other boys, and girls interact with just girls. Girls and boys do not have any interest in one another at this point in their life. Successful completion of the psychosexual stages results in healthy, productive relationships in adulthood, without any type of fixation. Latency stage occurs from age 6 to puberty and the Id’s sexual energy lays dormant, or does not exist. Genital stage- occurs from puberty throughout life and sexual energy reemerges directed towards the opposite sex. The Ego uses defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety and guilt caused by constant conflict between the Id and the Superego Repression- automatic, no conscious thought, A person may not be able to recall childhood traumatic events, such as ejection or rejections of traumatic or negative abuse due to that memory being automatically or unconsciously desires and thoughts repressed from conscious thought. Regression- consciously retreating back to an A woman starts to cry when she gets pulled over by a police officer infantile reaction, or time period because when she was a little girl she would cry and get out of trouble Denial- refusing to accept the truth Alcoholism may continue as a person lives in denial about their problem Reaction formation- saying or doing the A boy who likes a girl may make fun of her to hide, or cover up his true opposite of what you are actually thinking feelings of how he actually feels because he is embarrassed. Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan: Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only. Neo-Freudians (Post-psychodynamic thought) Personality Projection- projecting, or directing weaknesses A person who is overweight may constantly make fun of other people for and thoughts onto other people being overweight to feel better about himself or herself. Rationalization- providing justifications, or A student who fails an exam may provide excuses (it was too hard, or the excuses, to make behavior or thoughts acceptable teacher did not cover the material) to make themselves feel better. Displacement- taking out anger or feelings on a A person slams their locker because their teacher made them mad. Any less threatening target- someone or something that hostility towards teacher would have resulted in suspension- but the locker cannot fight back can’t fight back. Undoing- occurs when one action is meant to A boy may buy his girlfriend flowers to make up for lying to her about the make up for a previous bad action. previous night’s activities. Neo-Freudians were followers of Freud who modified Freud’s theories Jung thought that each person has a Jung believed that within the collective unconscious are archetypes, symbols Carl collective unconscious, which that represent various ideas and thoughts. For example, snakes represent Jung contained information passed from evil, or a mother represents nurturing. Jung argued that children are generation to generation that aided inherently afraid of snakes, because this knowledge is contained in the growth and survival collective unconscious passed from generation to generation, promoting survival and protection. Jung also developed the terms introvert Introverts are shy people who like Extroverts are people who are and extrovert to describe personality. to be by themselves and prefer outgoing, like social events, and enjoy quiet events. talking to other people. Adler believed that the inferiority Children often argue with parents about being able to do something by Alfred complex guided personality through themselves. Adler believed children wanted to show their parents that they Adler providing motivation and desire to are capable of doing things on their own and are not dependent on them and overcome childhood inferiorities hence inferior. Adler also believed that people brag to cover up to make through being superior in life during other people forget or not notice their inferiorities. adulthood Horney thought that Freud was too 1. Moving toward People who are classified as this relationship Karen relationship- excessive become bothered, or act differently when they Horney male-dominated, and believed social relationships were responsible for need for approval are not given enough attention or support from personality development. She described friends and family. what people stress or need in 3 types of different relationships: Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan: Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only. Personality People who are classified with this relationship become irritated and act differently when they are not in control or allowed to make decisions in group settings. 3. Moving away People in this relationship become upset when relationship- desire to be they are not given enough “alone time”, or are independent constantly being asked questions by others. The goal of the humanistic perspective is help people reach their human potential through development of a healthy self-concept, and the emphasis of free will, which is allowing people to discover their own strengths and weaknesses Humanistic Perspective 2. Moving against relationship- excessive need for power Carl RogersPerson Centered Approach Actualizing tendency- an innate drive within a person that pushes him or her to reach their potential and live life to their fullest An example of the actualizing tendency is the “little voice” within us to try harder and never give up. Some people believe that competitiveness cannot be taught; but rather is something that resides inside a person. In other words, it is something you are born with, or is innate. Self-concept- set of perceptions or beliefs a person has about him or herself. According to Rogers, these beliefs affect the personality and its development. Factors that affect the self-concept Conditional positive regard(conditional love) occurs when certain people only show love or affection for others when certain conditions or requirements are met or satisfied. Unconditional positive regard (unconditional love) occurs when a person expresses their love and affection for others without conditions being met A boy who believes that his parents will only show love and approval when he is successful at school will have a tendency to only tell his parents successful outcomes, as the boy understands when he does not perform well at school his parents will not show affection. This results in incongruence, when the self-concept- thoughts about oneself- and actual experience do not match. The boy knows he is not doing well in school, but continues to lie to his parents to gain their approval. Some people know no matter what they do, their parents, friends, etc. will still love them. This understanding leads to congruence, when a person’s self-concept matches what they actually say and do. Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan: Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only. Trait Perspective Personality Traits are characteristic patterns or predispositions (adjectives) A person who has a caring trait will behave in a caring way in to behave most situations Gordon Allport was on of the first theorists to research the role of traits in determining behavior and personality Allport’s Source Allport’s Surface traits- A good way to distinguish between source and surface traits is through the following statement, “On the surface (traits that are easy observed by others) traits- (also called (also called secondary central traits)- are traits) are traits that are he seemed like a nice guy, but as I got to know him (the source of who he is) few in number and easily observed by other he turned out to be liar- (source traits take more time to identify and are an considered to be the people that may not indication of who someone is) roots or source of actually describe who the personality person really is Raymond Cattell used a factor analysis, A factor analysis would show that a person who is caring would also probably which is a mathematical formula that shows be dependable, or a person who is a cheater is probably also a liar. From a how traits predict or relate to other traits factor analysis Cattell developed the 16 Personality Factor test- 16 source traits Robert McCrae and Paul Costa developed the The Big Five Source Traits- you either lean to one trait or the other: Big Five Personality Source Traits, which are Conscientiousness- organized or disorganized considered the building blocks of personality Agreeableness- trusting or suspicious *Remember Canoe or Ocean* Neuroticism- (sometime called emotional stability)- calm or anxious Openness- imaginative or practical Extraversion- affectionate or reserved Hans Eysenck identified 3 dimensions of On a spectrum he believed that people fell somewhere between the two biological traits, traits he believed people were opposite dimensions: born with Extraversion ______________+__________________Introversion Extraversion (outgoing) – A person who is outgoing, likes to go out, and being around other people Introversion (shy) dimension would fall closer to the extraversion dimension than someone who stays at home and likes quiet time, which is more introversion. Neuroticism (very emotionally A person who is moody would fall closer to the neuroticism dimension than a unpredictable) – emotional stable person who is not overly emotional, which would lean more to the emotional dimension stable dimension. Psychoticism dimension- overall A person who is high in the psychoticism dimension is someone who has no welfare for other people remorse, or feelings for another person; a person who is low in the psychoticism dimension has feelings for other people Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan: Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only. Social-Cognitive Perspective Personality Objective personality tests contain direct The MMPI is the mostly widely used objective personality test. This test is questions that have specific answers. These empirically derived, which means that the questions are written from objective tests are comprised of multiple-choice, truedata and past experiences of people who have taken the test. The MMPI was false questions and answers. *Unlike projective originally written to measure abnormal behavior. tests, which rely on interpretation, objective tests can be easily scored, very cheap, and can be quickly administered* Social-cognitive perspective emphasized the interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental and learning factors, which affect personality. Bandura developed reciprocal According to Bandura, personality is influenced by the thoughts (cognition), Albert determinism- personality is the the way a person acts (behavior), and the environment one grows up in. Bandura result of cognitive, behavioral, Reciprocal environmental factors determinism Bandura also believed that self- The thought of “I think I can” would positively affect the way a person acts efficacy beliefs, the beliefs or when performing a task or activity opinions a person has about him or herself, also influence personality. These expectancies guide External locus of controlJulian Rotter Rotter believed that Internal locus of learning results in behavior, for example the belief that you have no control- the belief that expectancies, which Expectancy personal effort, through control, or are controlled by you control your own Theory are our expectations of what we think is going to other outside factors- the fate- you control how the outcome of a happen- this can also be expectation to fail because long and how much you situation. influenced by our sense of you did not write the test, or study, resulting in the control in a situation don’t know what is going to expectation that you can be on the test pass the test Martin Seligman Learned helplessness Seligman believed that learned helplessness results when people who repeatedly attempt something and continuously fail will eventually give up Seligman, through his research on the effects and prevention of learned helplessness, developed positive psychology, which focuses on optimism and helping people work more effectively through difficulties and becoming successful. Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan: Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only. Personality Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan: Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.