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Research Methods Independent and dependent variables, extraneous and confounding variables Ethical issues: identifying ethical problems and explaining why they are problems Mean, mode, median Various methods of research/study in psychology Various sampling methods: random, convenience, stratified Advantages of using an experiment: establishing cause and effect and controlling variables; methods for minimizing the effects of extraneous variables Independent groups, matched participants and repeated measures designs Attitudes Tri-component model of attitudes (affective/behvavioural/cognitive) Ways of measuring attitudes: observing behaviour or using self-reporting techniques Advantages and limitations of each method: e.g. Likert scale, observing behaviour Personality Humanistic, trait and psychoanalytic theories of personality Humanist theory: Rogers and his concepts of the self Psychoanalysis: Freud’s theory Psychosexual stages; levels of consciousness; id, ego and superego; ego defence mechanisms Contrasts between humanist approaches and psychoanalytic approaches Criticisms of Freudian theory and humanist theories Personality measurement: projective tests and inventories; reliability and validity A representation of Ms Green according to Freud: her superego looks particularly punitive… But if you think about it, a punitive superego is just what is needed before an exam. Social Behaviour Definitions and examples of prosocial and antisocial behaviour Definitions of altruism and bullying Factors affecting helping and reluctance to help Factors that may reduce prejudice Milgram’s and Zimbardo’s studies and the ethical issues/concerns they raise Intelligence Binet's perspective, Wechsler's definition, Gardner's multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic theory Components of “emotional intelligence” Culture-biased and culture-fair tests Extended Question (10-15 marks) Likely to be connected to these topics: IQ and personality measurement, the issues and concerns involved, ethical considerations, research methods