Download AP Biology Reading/Study Guide (aka Important Things to Know

AP Biology Reading/Study Guide (aka Important Things to Know)
Endocrine System
1. What is a hormone?
2.
What constitutes the endocrine system and what are its functions?
3.
What are endocrine glands?
4.
What are the three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in vertebrates?
5.
Explain the role of the following local regulators.
a. Cytokines
b.
Growth factors
c. Nitric oxide
d. Prostaglandins
Study the table on page 949. Yes, it is overwhelming when you first look at it. First look through the list
and identify what you already know or would associate together (ex. Pancreas – insulin/glucagon). Then
attack the glands with the least amount of information. The pituitary is not a good place to start, as it
has the most information. Memorize all the others and the pituitary is the default answer!
6.
How does the hypothalamus integrate information?
7.
What two hormones are released by the posterior pituitary and what are their actions?
8.
What is the importance of a tropic hormone?
9.
List three tropic hormones and their action.
10. What is the general function of the anterior pituitary nontropic hormones?
11. What is special about the structure of growth hormone?
12. Give one example of a physiological response to overproduction and underproduction of
growth hormone.
13. Draw and label the feedback loop for the regulation of the thyroid?
14. Describe one example of hypothyroidism and one of hyperthyroidism. Why are they both a
problem?
15. What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone and why is it so important?
16. How does the body respond differently to long term and short term stress and why is this an
advantage to the organism?
17. Compare and contrast glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
18. What is the pineal gland and why is it important?
19. Which gland is both an endocrine gland and a digestive gland?
20. Which hormone causes an increase in the metabolic rate?
21. Name the hormone which forces the kidneys to reabsorb water.
22. What carbohydrate is stored in the liver?
23. Which hormone causes an increase in blood sugar by converting a carbohydrate stored in the
liver into glucose?
24. The primary male hormone produced by the testicles is _________________________.
25. What effect does insulin have on the muscle and brain cells?
26. Which hormone is produced by the ovary following ovulation to grow and maintain the lining of
the uterus in order to maintain a pregnancy?
27. Which cells produce insulin?
28. What two hormones that are produce d by the pituitary have a direct effect on sexual functions?
29. Name the hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal?
30. A Goiter is caused by a deficiency of ___________________.
31. Which hormone causes labor (childbirth) to begin?