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Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Cardiovascular System: The Heart Clemens Text: Chapter 13 Learning Objectives 1. Describe the organization of the pericardium and the heart wall. 2. Describe the features of the atria and the ventricles. 3. Identify the great vessels and heart valves associated with each heart chamber. 4. Describe the functions of the heart valves. 5. Trace the path of blood flow through the pulmonary and systemic circulations. A. Introduction to the Heart location: anterior thoracic cavity, in the mediastinum orientation: apex - inferior, points leftward, under 5th rib base - superior, tilts rightward, under sternum B. Pericardium and Heart Wall fibrous pericardium parietal layer of serous pericardium visceral layer of serous pericardium = epicardium myocardium - cardiac muscle endocardium - endothelium C. Chambers of the Heart atria - receiving chambers (RA, LA) ventricles - pumping chambers (RV, LV) surface features: auricles coronary sulcus anterior interventricular sulcus posterior interventricular sulcus coronary arteries 1. Right Atrium ← superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus (deoxygenated blood) internal features:* pectinate muscles interatrial septum *both R and L atria fossa ovalis 2. Right Ventricle → pulmonary trunk (deoxygenated blood) - pulmonary pump internal features:* trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae *both R and L ventricles papillary muscles interventricular septum 3. Left Atrium ← pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood) 4. Left Ventricle → aorta (oxygenated blood) - systemic pump thickest walls, highest blood pressure Fibrous skeleton of the heart - dense CT between atria and ventricles - forms rings around heart valves Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Clemens D. Heart Valves 1. atrioventricular (AV) valves a. tricuspid valve - RA } RV b. bicuspid (mitral) valve - LA } LV - AV valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles are contracting (systole) - closing of AV valves produces the first heart sound (“lub”) 2. semilunar valves a. pulmonary valve - RV } pulmonary trunk b. aortic valve - LV } aorta - semilunar valves prevent backflow into the ventricles when ventricles are relaxed (diastole) - closing of semilunar valves produces the second heart sound (“dupp”) - blood is ejected from the heart between “lub” and “dupp” 3. Heart murmurs - turbulent sounds resulting from abnormal valve function insufficiency - incomplete closure of a valve (e.g., mitral valve prolapse) stenosis - narrowing of valve opening (e.g., aortic stenosis) E. Circulation of Blood pulmonary circuit: RA → RV → pulmonary trunk → lungs → pulmonary veins systemic circuit : LA → LV → aorta → body → vena cavae (coronary circulation: coronary arteries → heart → cardiac veins → coronary sinus) F. Cardiac Conduction System 1. sinoatrial (SA) node - primary “pacemaker”, sets the heart rhythm 2. atrioventricular (AV) node - slight delay between the atria and ventricles 3. atrioventricular bundle 4. right and left bundle branches rapid conduction to the apex 5. Purkinje fibers and through the ventricles Study Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What is the specific location of the heart in the thoracic cavity and in relation to other structures of the thorax (e.g., lungs, mediastinum, esophagus, diaphragm)? Describe the layers of the pericardium and the heart wall. What structure is considered to be part of both the pericardium and the heart wall? Match the four chambers of the heart with their associated great vessels. Compare and contrast the general structure of the atria and the ventricles. Which specific chamber of the heart has the thickest walls, and why? Know the names and locations of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves. Which valves are open and which are closed when the heart is relaxed (in diastole)? Which valves are open and which are closed when the ventricles are contracting and ejecting blood (in systole)? How does this relate to the heart sounds (“lub-dupp”)? What is the function of the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles? Summarize the conduction system of the heart. What structure serves as the primary “pacemaker” where cardiac excitation begins? Trace the flow of blood through the heart and through the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Identify the heart chambers, great vessels and valves at each point, and identify which chambers and vessels contain oxygenated blood and which contain deoxygenated blood.