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Body Systems Nervous System Organs Brain • Interprets and translates information from nerve impulses Three Parts of the Brain: 1. Cerebrum – main part of the brain; controls thinking, hearing, etc. 2. Cerebellum – At back of the head; controls muscles and balance 3. Medulla – Connects brain to spinal cord; controls involuntary actions such as breathing Nervous System Organs Spinal Cord • Messages are sent to the brain through the spinal cord • Exception are reflexes that skip the spinal cord and go straight to the brain Nerves • Carry messages throughout the body Nervous System Functions • First messenger system • Sends messages as electrical impulses Nervous System (Central and Peripheral) Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain and Spinal Cord • Regulates VITAL functions • Heart rate • Breathing • Hormone Release Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Carries information toward the central nervous system • Sends impulses away from CNS Circulatory System Organs Heart • Pumps Blood Blood • RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma • Hemoglobin – iron rich protein that carries oxygen Blood Vessels • Arteries – carry oxygen RICH blood AWAY from the heart • Veins – carry oxygen POOR blood INTO the heart • Capillaries – connect arteries and veins Circulatory System Function Transport system •Arteries: • Moves oxygen to the cells •Veins: • Carries carbon dioxide away from the cells Digestive System Organs Mouth • The enzyme AMYLASE breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars Esophagus – muscular tube Stomach • PEPSIN is an enzyme that breaks down proteins • Digested food is called chime Small Intestine • Chime is absorbed into the bloodstream Large Intestine • Removes water from chime Rectum • Solid food travels out of the body Digestive System Functions • Chemically and physically breaks down food • Converts food into essential nutrients that are absorbed into the bloodstream • Nutrients are absorbed in small intestine Respiratory System Organs • Nose • Trachea – “Windpipe” • Larynx - Voice box • Lungs • Aveoli • Site of gas exchange (inflatable sacs) • Bronchi • Two large passageways leading to lungs • Diaphragm • The muscle under the lungs. • It contracts and relaxes to move gases in and out of lungs Respiratory System Functions Respire = to breathe • Gas exchange • Delivering oxygen to the body (inhale) and removing carbon dioxide from the body (exhale) •Gases are carried within the blood (Circulatory System) Endocrine System Organs Pituitary gland • Produces growth hormones Thyroid gland • produces hormone thyroxin to regulate metabolism Adrenal gland • Produces adrenaline for fight or flight Testes • Produces testosterone used in sperm production and male traits Ovaries • Produces estrogen used in egg production and female traits Pancreas • Produces insulin to regulate sugar in bloodstream Endocrine System Functions • Glands release hormones into the bloodstream to control body functions • Second messenger system of the body (SLOW) Integumentary Organs • Organs • Skin – largest organ • Sweat glands • Nails • Hair Integumentary Function Function: • Acts as a barrier between you and the outside world. • Regulates body temperature and removes wastes through sweat Skeletal System Organs Bones Joints • Connect bone to bone by ligaments • Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that hold bones together Tendons • Connect bone to muscle Skeletal System Functions • Bones are the framework for the body providing its shape • Protection for internal organs • Blood cell production • Made in red bone marrow • Stores calcium and phosphorous Muscular System Organs Skeletal muscle • Attached to the bone by tendons Smooth muscle • Stomach, Intestine, Uterus Cardiac muscle • Only in the heart Muscular System Functions • Enable the body to move • Voluntary muscles • Muscles you can control • Arms, legs, hands, and face • Involuntary muscles • Muscles you can’t control • They move automatically • Cardiac muscles, stomach, intestines Immune/Lymphatic Organs White Blood Cells (WBC) Spleen • Filter blood Lymph Nodes • Filter lymph from dead cells, antigens before returning it to the blood stream Thymus • Near heart • Where T cells learn their jobs Lymph • Fluid that leaked out of cells Lymphatic Vessels • Collect lymph and return it to the bloodstream Bone Marrow • B cell production Immune/Lymphatic Functions • Fight off diseases caused by pathogens • First Line of Defense • Skin • Saliva in mouth • Hair and mucus in breathing passages • Stomach acid – traps and kills most pathogens • Second Line of Defense (Widespread) • Inflammatory response • WBC fighting infection (antigens) • Third Line of Defense (Specific) • Immune response • WBC, T cells, and lymphocytes recognize a virus and activate B-Cells Reproductive Organs Male: • Penis • Places sperm inside the female body • Testis • Produces sperm = male gamete • Produces testosterone Female: • Ovary • produces eggs = female gamete • Produces estrogen • Utereus • Holds the embryo, fetus, baby • Fallopian Tubes • Catches the egg from the ovary and transports it to the uterus • Vagina • Allow entry of sperm and exit of baby at birth Reproductive Functions • To ensure the survival of the species • To reproduce gametes = sex cells • To nurture the developing offspring Excretory System Organs Organs Kidneys • Filters waste from blood Ureters • Tubes that lead from each kidney to bladder Bladder • Muscular organ that holds urine Urethra • Tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body Excretory System Function Excrete = to get rid of = REMOVE Maintains homeostasis by: • Cleansing blood of LIQUID wastes such as urine and sweat • Controls blood volume by removing extra fluid