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Parts of Speech Review • • • • • • • • The noun names things: boat, wind, wave, idea, Anna. The pronoun replaces the noun: it, he, she. The adjective modifies either a noun or pronoun: rusty, wavy, blue. The verb shows action or links: sailed, is. The adverb modifies the verb: quickly, suddenly, then. The conjunction joins: and, but, if, as. The preposition shows relationships: under, before, after, from. The interjection shows emotion: yes, no, wow, oops. Parts of Sentence Review The sentence has two sides, a predicate about a subject Sentence: a group of words with a subject and its predicate; it makes a complete thought. The ship sailed away. He stowed the charts. Predicate: the simple predicate is the verb. If the predicate is an action verb, it might have a direct object; if the predicate is a linking verb, it will have a subject complement. The marina opened early. I am he. Direct Object: the noun or object pronoun that receives the action of an action verb. Lopez closed the porthole. Lopez saw her. Indirect Object: the noun or object pronoun that is located between the action verb and the direct object, and that is indirectly affected by the action. The captain gave him the nail. The captain gave the seaman a kind word. Subject Complement: a noun, subject pronoun, or adjective that is linked to the subject by a linking verb, and that complements (makes more complete) the subject. It was she. The boat was fast. Pronoun Rule: A subject is a subject and an object is an object. For direct object, indirect object, and object of preposition use object pronouns. For the subject and subject complement, use subject pronouns. Phrases Review Phrases: a group of words that does not have a subject and a predicate but acts as a single part of speech. Prepositional Phrase: begins with a preposition and acts like a modifier. The bird on the dock Object of the preposition: the noun or object pronoun that the preposition relates to something else in the sentence. Appositive Phrase: an interrupting definition. Verbal: verb forms used as nouns or modifiers. Gerund: a noun made from an –ing verb. Participle: an adjective made from any verb form: - ing, -ed, -en Infinitive: a noun or modifier made from the to form of the verb. Verbal Phrase: a phrase created with one of the type of verbal as the first or key word. Following the noun/verb First we learned that the noun and verb were the two most important parts of speech. Then we learned that the noun and verb become the subject and predicate, the most important parts of the sentence. Then we learned that the noun/verbsubject/predicate is exactly what may not be present in a phrase! And now we see where it all leads, because the noun and verb pair is the very thing that must be present in every clause! It’s like the noun/verb pair is always the key, in all four levels of grammar: Main two parts of speech: noun and verb Main two parts of sentence: subject and predicate Two things that can’t be in a phrase: the subject with its predicate Two things that must be in a clause: the subject with its predicate The Clause Each group of words with a subject and predicate in it is called a clause. The English word clause comes from a Latin word meaning to close; the idea here is that the subject opens an idea, and the predicate closes it. The sailor coiled the rope neatly. This is a clause because it has a subject, the noun sailor, and a predicate, the verb coiled. All of the other words are also part of the clause. They go with their subject and predicate. Sometimes we connect one subject and predicate to another subject and predicate to make a double sentence that has two clauses in it! Each group of words with a subject and predicate in it is a clause. The sailor coiled the rope neatly, and then he moved the anchor. Each of these is a clause because it has its own subject and predicate. It is one sentence, but it has two clauses. It’s like two sentences in one. Simple Vs. Compound Clauses (Cont.) When we put two clauses together with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet) to make a double sentence, this is called a compound sentence. (The coordinating conjunction isn’t part of either clause. It’s just the glue.) If the sentence has only one clause, it is called a simple sentence. Simple Sentence: One clause The Russian freighter steamed out of the harbor. Compound Sentence: Two clauses The freighter came to the pier, and the tugboats returned to their docks. (Sometimes we join the clauses with a semicolon instead of a comma and coordinating conjunction); The freighter came to the pier; the tugboats returned to their docks. Dependent Clauses and Complex Sentences Let’s look at another possibility. What if two clauses are not joined by a coordinating conjunction, but by a subordinating conjunction? (if, as, since, when, because, etc . . . .) The captain laughed when the sailor fell overboard. The first clause The captain laughed makes sense by itself, but not the second clause: When the sailor fell overboard. A clause that makes sense by itself is called independent, and a clause that doesn’t, as when it begins with a subordinating conjunction, is called dependent. When one clause is dependent, we call the sentence complex. Common Subordinating Conjunctions In order to know a dependent from an independent clause, you should know the common subordinating conjunctions. Memorize them so you know them when you see them. When you see one, it should trigger in your mind that a dependent clause follows. after how though whether although if unless which as in order that until whichever as if once what while as long as provided that whatever who as soon as since when whoever as though so that whenever whom because than where whomever before that wherever whose why Sentence Structure Elements Simple Sentence one independent clause The liner steamed into port. Compound Sentence two (or more) independent clauses The liner steamed into port, and the launch sped out to meet it. The liner steamed into port; the launch sped out to meet it. Complex Sentence one independent clause, one dependent clause The liner steamed into port as the launch sped out to meet it. As the launch sped out to meet it, the liner steamed into port. Compound-Complex Sentence has a compound AND a complex clause structure A freighter arrived, and the tug hurried as the freighter entered port. Sentence Structure Elements (Cont.) If I stands for independent clause, and D stands for dependent clause, and cc stands for coordinating conjunction, then we can show sentence structure this way: simple: I compound: I, cc I or I;I complex: ID or DI compound-complex: IID, DII, etc. But there are very important rules for punctuating these structures. The key is that we punctuate based on clauses, and you must always know what clauses you are using when you write Punctuating Clauses Punctuating Compound Sentences: I,ccI I;I Punctuating Complex Sentences D,I ID In other words, if you have a compound structure, with an independent clause joined to another independent clause, then you put a comma before a coordinating conjunction that joins the two clauses. If there is no coordinating conjunction, you must put a semicolon. The harbor was quiet, and no ship moved. The harbor was quiet; no ship moved. Punctuating Clauses (Cont.) If you have a complex sentence, with an independent clause joined to a dependent clause, then you put a comma if the dependent clause comes first, and nothing if the independent clause comes first. When the harbor was finally quiet, the captain went to his cabin. The captain went to his cabin when the harbor was finally quiet. Practice Sentences Sentence Parts of Speech The old Spanish wall towered adj adj adj N A-V Subj Pred Parts of Sentence Clauses Parts of Speech the harbor. prep adj N ------------Prep Phrase-------- Phrases Sentence above An I The ship adj N A-V Subj Pred Parts of Sentence had Simple Sentence three masts, adj N and it was made conj pron H-V A-V Subj D.O. ------Pred----- Phrases Clauses ----------------Independent Clause---------------- Sentence of Parts of Speech prep timber N from prep ------------------------------- New England. N Parts of Sentence Phrases ----------Prep Phrase----- ----------Prep Phrase----- Clauses ----------------Independent Clause---------------- An I, conj I Compound Sentence Practice Sentences Sentence Parts of Speech The ship had a small galley. N A-V adj adj N subj pred adj Parts of Sentence D.O. Phrases No Phrases Clauses ------------------------------Independent Clause---------------------------An I Simple Sentence Sentence Because the boat was made Parts of Speech Sub. conj. adj N H-V A-V Parts of Sentence subj it N pron subj -------Prep Phrase------- Clauses ------------------------------Dependent Clause---------------------------- Sentence did not need Parts of Speech H-V adv A-V Parts of Sentence -------------pred------------ Clauses prep fiberglass, ------pred------ Phrases Phrases of to be painted. N adj -----------D.O.--------------InfinitivePhrase--- ----------------------Independent Clause---------------A D,I Complex Sentence 4 Sentence Structures Our knowledge of independent and dependent clauses shows us that sentences can have four structures: Simple – one independent clause – I Compound – independent joined to independent – II Complex – independent joined to dependent – ID or D Compound-complex – IID or DII 4 Sentences Purposes There are also four sentence purposes: Declarative – declare or states. The ship eased in. Imperative – imperious, commanding. Signal the freighter now. Interrogative – interrogating, questioning. Has the boat arrived? Exclamatory – exclaiming. The boat is late! Notice that the four sentence purposes are perfectly named. Declarative sentences declare, imperative sentences are imperious, interrogative sentences interrogate, and exclamatory sentences exclaim. 4 Levels Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses Now we know FOUR ways to look at ideas! In the example that follows, the four different ways to look at ideas are separated, with each level on its own line. Sentence The harbor was silent Parts of Speech adj. N l-V adj. Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses subj. because it sub. conj. pron. pred. subj. comp. was early l-V adj. subj. pred. morning. N subj. comp. No Phrases ----------Independent Clause----------------- ----------------Dependent Clause----------------------------------An ID complex declarative sentence Practice Sentences Sentence Stocking the galley was a duty of the cook. N adj N L-V adj N prep adj N Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence -------------------Subj----------------- Phrases -------------Gerund Phrase--------- Clauses ----------------------------------------------Independent Clause-----------------------------------An I Simple Declarative Sentence Sentence Swim Parts of Speech A-V Parts of Sentence Pred Phrases Pred subj. comp. ---------Prep Phrase--- to the island and tie up the prep adj N C-conj A-V adv adj Pred ----------Prep Phrase------- Clauses ---------------------------------------------Independent Clause----------------------- Sentence boat at once. N prep N Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses D.O. Prep Phrase -----------------------------An I Simple Imperative Sentence Practice Sentences Sentence To reach the jetty, take a launch Parts of Speech adv adj N Parts of Sentence A-V adj Pred N to the prep adj harbor. N D.O. Phrases --------Infinitive Phrase------ Clauses ----------------------------------------Independent Clause----------------------------------------An I Simple Imperative Sentence Sentence Will the Parts of Speech H-V adj Parts of Sentence Pred Phrases Clauses --------Prep Phrase------ engineers repair N A-V Subj Pred the freighter’s adj adj old engine? adj N D.O. No Phrases ----------------------------------------Independent Clause----------------------------------------An I Simple Interrogative Sentence Practice Sentences Sentence When the Parts of Speech Sub. Conj. adj monsoons come N A-V Subj Pred Parts of Sentence early, adv N Subj No Phrases Phrases Clauses ---------------------------Dependent Clause------------------------------ Sentence is Parts of Speech L-V Parts of Sentence pred flooded. adj Subj comp Phrases Clauses Bangkok Clause A D,I Complex Declarative Sentence Independent Practice Sentences Sentence Yes, the harbor at Parts of Speech Interj adj N Prep Parts of Sentence Paramaribo, the N adj Subj ----------Prep Phrase--------- Phrases Clauses -------------------------------------Independent Clause------------------------------------ Sentence capital of N Prep Parts of Speech Surinam, N Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses (-----Prep Phrase------) is on fire! L-V Prep N Pred ---Subj Comp-------Prep Phrase----- -----------Appositive Phrase------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------An I Simple Exclamatory Sentence Practice Sentences Sentence The captain, an old Parts of Speech adj N adj adj Parts of Sentence hand, N Subj gave him and A-V pron C-conj Pred ---------I.O.------ Appositive Phrase Phrases Clauses ----------------------------------Independent Clause----------------------------------------------- Sentence me some coffee. Parts of Speech pron adj N Parts of Sentence ------ D.O. Phrases Clauses -----------------------------------------An I Simple Declarative Sentence Definitions to know for test • • • • • • • • • • • • • Clause: A group of words that has a subject and its predicate Independent Clause: A clause that is a complete thought Dependent Clause: A clause that is not a complete thought but needs to be connected to an independent clause The four clause structures: Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex Simple Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause Compound Sentence: A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined together by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon. Complex Sentence: A sentence with a dependent clause attached to an independent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction Compound-Complex Sentence: A sentence with both a compound structure and a complex structure The four sentence purposes: Declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory Declarative Sentence: A sentence that declares or makes a statement Imperative Sentence: A sentence that is imperious, that makes a command Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that interrogates, that asks a question Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that exclaims using an exclamation point Clause Punctuation The rules of clause punctuation: I, conj. I comma before coordinating conjunction in compound sentence I;I semicolon between independent clauses if no coordinating conjunction ID no comma after independent clause in complex sentence D,I comma after dependent clause in a complex sentence Comma splice error: the error of joining two independent clauses with a comma (I,I). Run-on sentence error: the error of joining two independent clauses with only a coordinating conjunction or with nothing. Practice Sentences Sentence The misty mountain above the ships is a rain forest. Parts of Speech adj adj Parts of Sentence N Sentence Phrases N L-V adj adj N pred Subj Comp Prepositional Phrase --------------------------------------Independent Clause------------------------------------------An I Simple Declarative Sentence Rewarding him and her was the goal pron C-conj pron L-V adj N ------------------------Subject--------------------------- Pred N Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence adj Subj Phrases Clauses prep Subj Comp -------------------Gerund Phrase------------------- Clauses --------------------------------------Independent Clause------------------------------------------- Sentence of the prep adj Parts of Speech voyage. N Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses Prepositional Phrase ------------------------------An I Simple Declarative Sentence Practice Sentences Sentence Parts of Speech If I see him, I will give him A-V pron pron H-V A-V pron Pred D.O. Subj Sub Conj pron Parts of Sentence Subj Predicate I.O. Phrases Clauses ----------Dependent Clause------- Sentence the charts of the Parts of Speech adj N prep adj Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses ------------------------------------------------------- Antilles. N D.O. -----Prepositional Phrase-------------------------------Independent Clause----------------------A D,I Complex Declarative Sentence Practice Sentences Sentence Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence To know him was nothing; he N pron L-V pron pron ----------Subject---------- Pred Sub Conj Subj adv No Phrases Phrases Clauses -----------------------Independent Clause--------------------- Sentence avoided the Parts of Speech A-V adj Parts of Sentence Pred -------------------------- crew. N D.O. Phrases Clauses always -----------------------Independent Clause--------------------An I;I Compound Declarative Sentence Sentence They Parts of Speech pron Parts of Sentence Subj reached Apia, N Pred adj Samoan Capital, adj N prep Appositive Phrase --------------------------------------Independent Clause----------------------------------------- Sentence two Parts of Speech adj Parts of Sentence Prep Phrase days. N Phrases Clauses in D.O. Phrases Clauses the An I Simple Declarative Sentence Definitions to know for test 1. 2. 3. Clause: A group of words that has a subject and its predicate Independent Clause: A clause that is a complete thought Dependent Clause: A clause that is not a complete thought but needs to be connected to an independent clause 4. 5. 6. The four clause structures: Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex Simple Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause Compound Sentence: A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined together by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon 7. Complex Sentence: 8. Compound-Complex Sentence: A sentence with both a compound structure and a complex structure The four sentence purposes: Declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory Declarative Sentence: A sentence that declares or makes a statement Imperative Sentence: A sentence that is imperious, that makes a command Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that interrogates, that asks a question Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that exclaims using an exclamation point 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. A sentence with a dependent clause attached to an independent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction Clause Punctuation The rules of clause punctuation: I, conj. I Comma before coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence I;I Semicolon between independent clauses if no coordinating conjunction ID No comma after independent clause in complex sentence D,I Comma after dependent clause in complex sentence Comma splice error: The error of joining two independent clauses with a comma (I,I) Run-on sentence error: The error of joining two independent clauses with only a coordinating conjunction or with nothing. Test Write a 4-level analysis for each of the following sentences. 1. When the freighter held cargo, it was low in the water. 2. The pelicans circled overhead, and Vasquez cast the line out. Test Answers Sentence When the freighter held cargo, Parts of Speech sub. conj. adj. N a-V N pron. l-V subj. pred. D.O. subj. pred. Parts of Sentence it was Phrases Clauses --------------Dependent Clause---------------------------------- Sentence low in the water. Parts of Speech adj. prep. adj. N Parts of Sentence subj.comp. Phrases Clauses ------------------------- ---------prep phrase----------Independent Clause--------------A D,I Complex Declarative Sentence Test Answers Sentence Parts of Speech The pelicans circled N a-V adj. subj. Parts of Sentence overhead, adv. c-conj. pred. No Phrases Phrases Clauses ------------------------Independent Clause------------------------------ Sentence Vasquez cast the line out. N a-V adj. N adv. subj. pred. Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence D.O. Phrases Clauses and ---------------------Independent Clause--------------------------------An I,ccI Compound Declarative Sentence