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Parts of Speech Review
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The noun names things: boat, wind, wave, idea, Anna.
The pronoun replaces the noun: it, he, she.
The adjective modifies either a noun or pronoun:
rusty, wavy, blue.
The verb shows action or links: sailed, is.
The adverb modifies the verb: quickly, suddenly,
then.
The conjunction joins: and, but, if, as.
The preposition shows relationships: under, before,
after, from.
The interjection shows emotion: yes, no, wow, oops.
Parts of Sentence Review
The sentence has two sides, a predicate about a subject
Sentence: a group of words with a subject and its predicate; it makes a
complete thought. The ship sailed away. He stowed the charts.
Predicate: the simple predicate is the verb. If the predicate is an action verb, it
might have a direct object; if the predicate is a linking verb, it will have a
subject complement. The marina opened early. I am he.
Direct Object: the noun or object pronoun that receives the action of an
action verb. Lopez closed the porthole. Lopez saw her.
Indirect Object: the noun or object pronoun that is located between the
action verb and the direct object, and that is indirectly affected by the
action. The captain gave him the nail. The captain gave the seaman a kind
word.
Subject Complement: a noun, subject pronoun, or adjective that is linked to
the subject by a linking verb, and that complements (makes more
complete) the subject. It was she. The boat was fast.
Pronoun Rule: A subject is a subject and an object is an object. For direct
object, indirect object, and object of preposition use object pronouns. For
the subject and subject complement, use subject pronouns.
Phrases Review
Phrases: a group of words that does not have a subject and a
predicate but acts as a single part of speech.
Prepositional Phrase: begins with a preposition and acts like a
modifier. The bird on the dock
Object of the preposition: the noun or object pronoun that the
preposition relates to something else in the sentence.
Appositive Phrase: an interrupting definition.
Verbal: verb forms used as nouns or modifiers.
Gerund: a noun made from an –ing verb.
Participle: an adjective made from any verb form: - ing, -ed, -en
Infinitive: a noun or modifier made from the to form of the verb.
Verbal Phrase: a phrase created with one of the type of verbal
as the first or key word.
Following the noun/verb
First we learned that the noun and verb were the two most
important parts of speech. Then we learned that the noun and
verb become the subject and predicate, the most important parts
of the sentence. Then we learned that the noun/verbsubject/predicate is exactly what may not be present in a phrase!
And now we see where it all leads, because the noun and verb
pair is the very thing that must be present in every clause! It’s like
the noun/verb pair is always the key, in all four levels of
grammar:
Main two parts of speech: noun and verb
Main two parts of sentence: subject and predicate
Two things that can’t be in a phrase: the subject with its
predicate
Two things that must be in a clause: the subject with its predicate
The Clause
Each group of words with a subject and predicate in it is called a clause. The
English word clause comes from a Latin word meaning to close; the idea
here is that the subject opens an idea, and the predicate closes it.
The sailor coiled the rope neatly.
This is a clause because it has a subject, the noun sailor, and a predicate, the
verb coiled. All of the other words are also part of the clause. They go with
their subject and predicate. Sometimes we connect one subject and
predicate to another subject and predicate to make a double sentence
that has two clauses in it! Each group of words with a subject and
predicate in it is a clause.
The sailor coiled the rope neatly,
and
then he moved the anchor.
Each of these is a clause because it has its own subject and predicate. It is one
sentence, but it has two clauses. It’s like two sentences in one.
Simple Vs. Compound Clauses (Cont.)
When we put two clauses together with a coordinating
conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet) to make a double
sentence, this is called a compound sentence. (The
coordinating conjunction isn’t part of either clause. It’s just
the glue.) If the sentence has only one clause, it is called a
simple sentence.
Simple Sentence: One clause
The Russian freighter steamed out of the harbor.
Compound Sentence: Two clauses
The freighter came to the pier, and the tugboats returned to
their docks.
(Sometimes we join the clauses with a semicolon instead of a
comma and coordinating conjunction);
The freighter came to the pier; the tugboats returned to their
docks.
Dependent Clauses and Complex Sentences
Let’s look at another possibility. What if two clauses are not
joined by a coordinating conjunction, but by a subordinating
conjunction? (if, as, since, when, because, etc . . . .)
The captain laughed when the sailor fell overboard.
The first clause
The captain laughed
makes sense by itself, but not the second clause:
When the sailor fell overboard.
A clause that makes sense by itself is called independent, and a
clause that doesn’t, as when it begins with a subordinating
conjunction, is called dependent. When one clause is
dependent, we call the sentence complex.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
In order to know a dependent from an independent clause, you
should know the common subordinating conjunctions.
Memorize them so you know them when you see them.
When you see one, it should trigger in your mind that a
dependent clause follows.
after
how
though
whether
although
if
unless
which
as
in order that
until
whichever
as if
once
what
while
as long as
provided that
whatever
who
as soon as
since
when
whoever
as though
so that
whenever
whom
because
than
where
whomever
before
that
wherever
whose
why
Sentence Structure Elements
Simple Sentence
one independent clause
The liner steamed into port.
Compound Sentence
two (or more) independent clauses
The liner steamed into port, and the launch sped out to meet it.
The liner steamed into port; the launch sped out to meet it.
Complex Sentence
one independent clause, one dependent clause
The liner steamed into port as the launch sped out to meet it.
As the launch sped out to meet it, the liner steamed into port.
Compound-Complex Sentence
has a compound AND a complex clause structure
A freighter arrived, and the tug hurried as the freighter entered port.
Sentence Structure Elements (Cont.)
If I stands for independent clause, and D stands for dependent
clause, and cc stands for coordinating conjunction, then we
can show sentence structure this way:
simple: I
compound: I, cc I or I;I
complex: ID or DI
compound-complex: IID, DII, etc.
But there are very important rules for punctuating these
structures. The key is that we punctuate based on clauses,
and you must always know what clauses you are using when
you write
Punctuating Clauses
Punctuating Compound Sentences:
I,ccI
I;I
Punctuating Complex Sentences
D,I
ID
In other words, if you have a compound structure, with an
independent clause joined to another independent clause,
then you put a comma before a coordinating conjunction that
joins the two clauses. If there is no coordinating conjunction,
you must put a semicolon.
The harbor was quiet, and no ship moved.
The harbor was quiet; no ship moved.
Punctuating Clauses (Cont.)
If you have a complex sentence, with an independent
clause joined to a dependent clause, then you put a
comma if the dependent clause comes first, and
nothing if the independent clause comes first.
When the harbor was finally quiet, the captain went to
his cabin.
The captain went to his cabin when the harbor was
finally quiet.
Practice Sentences
Sentence
Parts of Speech
The
old
Spanish
wall
towered
adj
adj
adj
N
A-V
Subj
Pred
Parts of Sentence
Clauses
Parts of Speech
the
harbor.
prep
adj
N
------------Prep Phrase--------
Phrases
Sentence
above
An I
The
ship
adj
N
A-V
Subj
Pred
Parts of Sentence
had
Simple Sentence
three
masts,
adj
N
and
it
was
made
conj
pron
H-V
A-V
Subj
D.O.
------Pred-----
Phrases
Clauses
----------------Independent Clause----------------
Sentence
of
Parts of Speech
prep
timber
N
from
prep
-------------------------------
New England.
N
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
----------Prep Phrase----- ----------Prep Phrase-----
Clauses
----------------Independent Clause----------------
An I, conj I
Compound Sentence
Practice Sentences
Sentence
Parts of Speech
The
ship
had
a
small
galley.
N
A-V
adj
adj
N
subj
pred
adj
Parts of Sentence
D.O.
Phrases
No Phrases
Clauses
------------------------------Independent Clause---------------------------An I Simple Sentence
Sentence
Because
the
boat
was
made
Parts of Speech
Sub. conj.
adj
N
H-V
A-V
Parts of Sentence
subj
it
N
pron
subj
-------Prep Phrase-------
Clauses
------------------------------Dependent Clause----------------------------
Sentence
did
not
need
Parts of Speech
H-V
adv
A-V
Parts of Sentence
-------------pred------------
Clauses
prep
fiberglass,
------pred------
Phrases
Phrases
of
to be
painted.
N
adj
-----------D.O.--------------InfinitivePhrase---
----------------------Independent Clause---------------A D,I
Complex Sentence
4 Sentence Structures
Our knowledge of independent and dependent clauses shows us
that sentences can have four structures:
Simple – one independent clause – I
Compound – independent joined to independent – II
Complex – independent joined to dependent – ID or D
Compound-complex – IID or DII
4 Sentences Purposes
There are also four sentence purposes:
Declarative – declare or states. The ship eased in.
Imperative – imperious, commanding. Signal the freighter now.
Interrogative – interrogating, questioning. Has the boat arrived?
Exclamatory – exclaiming. The boat is late!
Notice that the four sentence purposes are perfectly named. Declarative
sentences declare, imperative sentences are imperious, interrogative
sentences interrogate, and exclamatory sentences exclaim.
4 Levels
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Clauses
Now we know FOUR ways to look at ideas! In the example that
follows, the four different ways to look at ideas are
separated, with each level on its own line.
Sentence
The
harbor
was
silent
Parts of Speech
adj.
N
l-V
adj.
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Clauses
subj.
because
it
sub. conj. pron.
pred. subj. comp.
was
early
l-V
adj.
subj. pred.
morning.
N
subj. comp.
No Phrases
----------Independent Clause----------------- ----------------Dependent Clause----------------------------------An ID complex declarative sentence
Practice Sentences
Sentence
Stocking
the
galley
was
a
duty
of
the
cook.
N
adj
N
L-V
adj
N
prep
adj
N
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
-------------------Subj-----------------
Phrases
-------------Gerund Phrase---------
Clauses
----------------------------------------------Independent Clause-----------------------------------An I Simple Declarative Sentence
Sentence
Swim
Parts of Speech
A-V
Parts of Sentence
Pred
Phrases
Pred
subj. comp.
---------Prep Phrase---
to
the
island
and
tie
up
the
prep
adj
N
C-conj
A-V
adv
adj
Pred
----------Prep Phrase-------
Clauses
---------------------------------------------Independent Clause-----------------------
Sentence
boat
at
once.
N
prep
N
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Clauses
D.O.
Prep Phrase
-----------------------------An I
Simple Imperative Sentence
Practice Sentences
Sentence
To reach the jetty, take a launch
Parts of Speech
adv
adj
N
Parts of Sentence
A-V
adj
Pred
N
to the
prep
adj
harbor.
N
D.O.
Phrases
--------Infinitive Phrase------
Clauses
----------------------------------------Independent Clause----------------------------------------An I
Simple Imperative Sentence
Sentence
Will
the
Parts of Speech
H-V
adj
Parts of Sentence Pred
Phrases
Clauses
--------Prep Phrase------
engineers repair
N
A-V
Subj
Pred
the
freighter’s
adj
adj
old engine?
adj
N
D.O.
No Phrases
----------------------------------------Independent Clause----------------------------------------An I
Simple Interrogative Sentence
Practice Sentences
Sentence
When
the
Parts of Speech
Sub. Conj.
adj
monsoons
come
N
A-V
Subj
Pred
Parts of Sentence
early,
adv
N
Subj
No Phrases
Phrases
Clauses
---------------------------Dependent Clause------------------------------
Sentence
is
Parts of Speech
L-V
Parts of Sentence
pred
flooded.
adj
Subj comp
Phrases
Clauses
Bangkok
Clause
A D,I
Complex Declarative Sentence
Independent
Practice Sentences
Sentence
Yes,
the
harbor
at
Parts of Speech
Interj
adj
N
Prep
Parts of Sentence
Paramaribo,
the
N
adj
Subj
----------Prep Phrase---------
Phrases
Clauses
-------------------------------------Independent Clause------------------------------------
Sentence
capital
of
N
Prep
Parts of Speech
Surinam,
N
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Clauses
(-----Prep Phrase------)
is
on
fire!
L-V
Prep
N
Pred
---Subj Comp-------Prep Phrase-----
-----------Appositive Phrase------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------An I Simple Exclamatory Sentence
Practice Sentences
Sentence
The
captain,
an
old
Parts of Speech
adj
N
adj
adj
Parts of Sentence
hand,
N
Subj
gave
him
and
A-V
pron
C-conj
Pred
---------I.O.------
Appositive Phrase
Phrases
Clauses
----------------------------------Independent Clause-----------------------------------------------
Sentence
me
some
coffee.
Parts of Speech
pron
adj
N
Parts of Sentence
------
D.O.
Phrases
Clauses
-----------------------------------------An I Simple Declarative Sentence
Definitions to know for test
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Clause: A group of words that has a subject and its predicate
Independent Clause: A clause that is a complete thought
Dependent Clause: A clause that is not a complete thought but needs to be connected to an
independent clause
The four clause structures: Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex
Simple Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause
Compound Sentence: A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined together by
a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon.
Complex Sentence: A sentence with a dependent clause attached to an independent clause
usually begins with a subordinating conjunction
Compound-Complex Sentence: A sentence with both a compound structure and a complex
structure
The four sentence purposes: Declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory
Declarative Sentence: A sentence that declares or makes a statement
Imperative Sentence: A sentence that is imperious, that makes a command
Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that interrogates, that asks a question
Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that exclaims using an exclamation point
Clause Punctuation
The rules of clause punctuation:
I, conj. I comma before coordinating conjunction in compound
sentence
I;I semicolon between independent clauses if no coordinating
conjunction
ID no comma after independent clause in complex sentence
D,I comma after dependent clause in a complex sentence
Comma splice error: the error of joining two independent
clauses with a comma (I,I).
Run-on sentence error: the error of joining two independent
clauses with only a coordinating conjunction or with nothing.
Practice Sentences
Sentence
The misty mountain above the ships is a rain forest.
Parts of Speech
adj
adj
Parts of Sentence
N
Sentence
Phrases
N
L-V adj
adj
N
pred
Subj Comp
Prepositional Phrase
--------------------------------------Independent Clause------------------------------------------An I Simple Declarative Sentence
Rewarding
him
and
her
was
the
goal
pron
C-conj
pron
L-V
adj
N
------------------------Subject---------------------------
Pred
N
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
adj
Subj
Phrases
Clauses
prep
Subj Comp
-------------------Gerund Phrase-------------------
Clauses
--------------------------------------Independent Clause-------------------------------------------
Sentence
of
the
prep
adj
Parts of Speech
voyage.
N
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Clauses
Prepositional Phrase
------------------------------An I Simple Declarative Sentence
Practice Sentences
Sentence
Parts of Speech
If
I
see
him,
I
will
give
him
A-V
pron
pron
H-V
A-V
pron
Pred
D.O.
Subj
Sub Conj pron
Parts of Sentence
Subj
Predicate
I.O.
Phrases
Clauses
----------Dependent Clause-------
Sentence
the
charts
of
the
Parts of Speech
adj
N
prep
adj
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Clauses
-------------------------------------------------------
Antilles.
N
D.O.
-----Prepositional Phrase-------------------------------Independent Clause----------------------A D,I Complex Declarative Sentence
Practice Sentences
Sentence
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
To know
him
was
nothing;
he
N
pron
L-V
pron
pron
----------Subject----------
Pred
Sub Conj
Subj
adv
No Phrases
Phrases
Clauses
-----------------------Independent Clause---------------------
Sentence
avoided
the
Parts of Speech
A-V
adj
Parts of Sentence
Pred
--------------------------
crew.
N
D.O.
Phrases
Clauses
always
-----------------------Independent Clause--------------------An I;I Compound Declarative Sentence
Sentence
They
Parts of Speech
pron
Parts of Sentence
Subj
reached
Apia,
N
Pred
adj
Samoan
Capital,
adj
N
prep
Appositive Phrase
--------------------------------------Independent Clause-----------------------------------------
Sentence
two
Parts of Speech
adj
Parts of Sentence
Prep Phrase
days.
N
Phrases
Clauses
in
D.O.
Phrases
Clauses
the
An I
Simple Declarative Sentence
Definitions to know for test
1.
2.
3.
Clause: A group of words that has a subject and its predicate
Independent Clause:
A clause that is a complete thought
Dependent Clause: A clause that is not a complete thought but needs to be connected to an
independent clause
4.
5.
6.
The four clause structures: Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex
Simple Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause
Compound Sentence: A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined together by a
coordinating conjunction or a semicolon
7.
Complex Sentence:
8.
Compound-Complex Sentence: A sentence with both a compound structure and a complex
structure
The four sentence purposes: Declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory
Declarative Sentence: A sentence that declares or makes a statement
Imperative Sentence: A sentence that is imperious, that makes a command
Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that interrogates, that asks a question
Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that exclaims using an exclamation point
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
A sentence with a dependent clause attached to an independent clause
usually begins with a subordinating conjunction
Clause Punctuation
The rules of clause punctuation:
I, conj. I Comma before coordinating conjunction in a
compound sentence
I;I Semicolon between independent clauses if no
coordinating conjunction
ID No comma after independent clause in complex sentence
D,I Comma after dependent clause in complex sentence
Comma splice error: The error of joining two independent
clauses with a comma (I,I)
Run-on sentence error: The error of joining two independent
clauses with only a coordinating
conjunction or with nothing.
Test
Write a 4-level analysis for each of the following sentences.
1. When the freighter held cargo, it was low in the water.
2. The pelicans circled overhead, and Vasquez cast the line out.
Test Answers
Sentence
When
the
freighter
held
cargo,
Parts of Speech
sub. conj.
adj.
N
a-V
N
pron.
l-V
subj.
pred.
D.O.
subj.
pred.
Parts of Sentence
it
was
Phrases
Clauses
--------------Dependent Clause----------------------------------
Sentence
low
in
the
water.
Parts of Speech
adj.
prep.
adj.
N
Parts of Sentence
subj.comp.
Phrases
Clauses
-------------------------
---------prep phrase----------Independent Clause--------------A D,I Complex Declarative Sentence
Test Answers
Sentence
Parts of Speech
The
pelicans
circled
N
a-V
adj.
subj.
Parts of Sentence
overhead,
adv.
c-conj.
pred.
No Phrases
Phrases
Clauses
------------------------Independent Clause------------------------------
Sentence
Vasquez
cast
the
line
out.
N
a-V
adj.
N
adv.
subj.
pred.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
D.O.
Phrases
Clauses
and
---------------------Independent Clause--------------------------------An I,ccI Compound Declarative Sentence