Download The Neck Bone`s Connected to the Head Bone

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The Neck
Bone’s
Connected to the
Head
Bone
The Function and Interdependence of
Organs and Tissues
Main Idea
Supporting Information
1. We are made of cells.
1. A group of specialized cells form tissues. 2. There are four basic types of tissue
3. Nerve tissue – transfers information
from one part of the body to
another.
3. Muscle tissue – contract and relax.
4. Voluntary or skeletal muscles;
smooth tissue
4. Involuntary muscles
4. Cardiac tissue (the heart).
3. Epidermal (epithelial) tissue –
protects the body from injury and
infection. Examples include the skin
and inner surfaces of the body
such as lungs, stomachs, intestines,
and blood vessels.
3. Connective – supports and holds
parts of the body together.
Includes cartilages and bones.
2. Organ – performs a specific function in
your body.
1. A group of tissues
make an organ.
1. A group of organs make an organ system.
2. Organ system – a set of organs or
structures in the body that have a
common function.
2. Organ Systems
3. Circulatory System – moves blood and
oxygen through the body.
3. Endocrine System – makes
hormones the body needs.
3. Urinary System – collects and
removes fluids and waste from the
body; secretes urine.
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Main Idea
Supporting Information
3. Digestive System – breaks down
(digests) food we eat to a form
the body can use.
3. Integumentary System – Made up of
the skin and other membranes like
the mucous membranes in the mouth
and other parts of the body.
4. The skin is the largest organ in the
body; 12% - 15% body weight;
surface area of about 1-2 meters
3. Lymphatic System – transports
digested fat from the intestines to
the bloodstream; removes and
destroys toxic substances; resists
the spread of disease throughout
the body.
4. The fluid that carries the
substances is called lymph.
3. Muscular System – allows the body
to move.
3. Nervous System – sends and
receives stimulus from parts of the
body; transmits nerve impulses;
activates muscles.
3. Skeletal System – all the rigid or
semi-rigid parts of the body that
supports soft tissues; provides leverage
from muscle actions.
1. A group of organ systems make an
organism.
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Epithelial
(2) (A/C)
Vascular
(blood) (B)
Connective
(D)
Supporting
(E)
Muscle (F)
Nerve (G)
Tissue
Color
Tissue
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Color
You have pictures of either organs or organ system. Each part has been identified.
Color each part a different color.
Digestive System
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Nerve (Neuron)
Skin
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The following are steps describing how you digest your food. They are not in order. Place them
in the proper order.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food enters the stomach.
Water is absorbed in the large
intestine.
You chew your food.
Food travels down the esophagus.
Remaining waste is passed out of the
body as feces.
Saliva glands lubricate food before you
swallow.
Food is broken down and all chemicals
are absorbed. Only the watery remains
of food are left.
•
•
•
•
•
Steps:
#1.
#7.
#2.
#8.
#3.
#9.
#4.
#10.
#5.
#11.
#6.
#12.
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Your stomach expands and contracts
three times a minute so acids can break
down the food into a form the body can
use.
Food then moves into the small
intestines where most digestion occurs.
Remaining food is broken down further
to get any vitamins and chemicals that
remain. Only waste is left.
Food is put in your mouth.
Remains enter the large intestine.
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is a complex series of tubes that transports nutrient-rich blood
and waste products throughout the entire body.
What does blood consist of?
The blood consists of approximately 78 percent water. The remaining portion of
blood is solid, mostly in the form of protein. Red cells, white cells and platelets are made
in the marrow of bones, especially the vertebrae, ribs, hips, skull and sternum.
The main components of human blood are:
•
•
•
•
Plasma – This is the watery portion of the blood. Blood cells are suspended here.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) – Using hemoglobin, these cells carry oxygen
from the lungs throughout the entire body.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) – These cells aid the immune response. They
help fight off infections by engulfing and destroying foreign invaders.
Platelets (Thrombocytes) – Helps the blood clot.
ABO Blood Grouping System
Blood is grouped based on the inherited properties of the red blood cells. Blood type is
determined by a human’s genetic possession or lack of antigens A and/or B. Humans may
have type A, type B, type AB, or type O blood. Blood can be shared between groups as
long as the recipient can accept the antigen present in the blood they are receiving.
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What is found Between Tissues?
Intercellular Fluid is the fluid found between cells & tissues. This medium provides for
the exchange of materials between cells and tissues. Lymph is a yellowish fluid that is
found within the vessels of lymphatic system. Lymph fluid carries white blood cells
throughout the blood. It is formed from the plasma that diffuses out of the capillaries
and into the lymphatic vessels.
Cardiovascular Diseases
• Hypertension - High blood pressure. The leading causes for hypertension
include stress, diet, heredity, smoking, and aging.
•
Coronary Thrombosis - Heart attack. Caused due to a blockage; usually in the
arterial walls.
•
Angina Pectoris - A narrowing of arteries due to the buildup of fatty deposits.
•
Anemia - Due to low amounts of hemoglobin in blood. Blood cannot carry enough
oxygen. Leads the patient feeling constantly tired.
•
Leukemia - Makes a large number of abnormal white blood cells.
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The Heart
The Heart is made of cardiac
muscle and is surrounded by
pericardium. It is composed of
four chambers. The two upper
chambers (atria) receive blood
and the lower two chambers
(ventricles) pump blood out. Heart
valves, located between the
chambers, prevent the back flow
of blood.
The septum separates the heart
into two sides (right and left). The
hearts functions as a double pump:
the right side sends oxygen poor
(deoxygenated) blood to the lungs
and the left side sends oxygen
rich (oxygenated) blood
throughout the body.
Circulation of Blood through the Body
•
Pulmonary Circulation - The movement of blood between the heart and lungs.
•
Systemic Circulation - The movement of blood between the heart and the rest
of the body, excluding the lungs.
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Circulatory System Graphic Organizer
Complete the graphic organizer. If you need help, read the “Circulatory System”
article.
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Digestion in Humans
Digestion begins in the mouth. Teeth break
down food mechanically. Amylase is an
enzyme found in the mouth that breaks
down starch. The epiglottis covers the
trachea (windpipe) allowing food to freely
flow to the esophagus followed by the
stomach. Food is pushed through the
digestive canal by tiny contracting smooth
muscle tissue. This process is called
peristalsis.
The Stomach
Food sits in the stomach for two hours.
During this time, food is broken down by
gastric juices secreted by the stomach
wall. Gastric juice is composed of
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the enzyme
pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into
shorter polypeptide chains.
The Small Intestine
The interior surface of the small intestine
contains a number of finger-like projections
called villi. Villi increase the surface area
for absorbing broken down food products.
The small intestine absorbs food, minerals, and a small amount of water.
Pancreas
The pancreas produces enzymes that directly or indirectly breakdown food. The
pancreas is also the organ in charge of making insulin. Insulin is a hormone that
regulates the amount sugar that enters the blood.
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Large Intestine
The liver produces bile. Bile is a liquid that digests large fat particles. Bile is stored in
gall bladder. The gall bladder is a small sac at the base of the liver. During the digestive
process, the gall bladder releases bile into the small intestine to break down fat
particles. The large intestine is where the last bit of digestion takes place. Food
resides are stored and a large amount of water is reabsorbed into the body in the large
intestine.
Digestive disorders:
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Digestion Graphic Organizer
Read the “Digestion in Humans” article and complete the graphic organizer.
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The Oxygen Treasure Map
Write the path of oxygen from outside of the body to the blood stream. Use the
“Respiratory System” chart and the following words to help:
Bronchi, Alveoli, Trachea, Nasal Cavity, Capillary, Pharynx, Bronchioles
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