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th Šiška B. et al.: Environmental changes and adaptation strategies th Slovakia, Skalica, 9 – 11 September 2013 Earth Planet Climatography in the geological time scale Jiří Nekovář, Pavel Kouba Czech hydrometeorological Institute, Na Šabatce 17, 14306 Prague 4, Czech Republic Abstract. After the formation of the Earth 4.56 billion years ago by a number of unique circumstances and geological processes transformed the planet capable of hosting life. The oldest known forms of life appeared on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago. The story of human evolution begins sometime before 7 million years and gives the scene a number of species, of which our own, Homo sapiens is the only one that survived. In short, is described by [1] the creation of the atmosphere and oceans, plate tectonics and life changing climate, oxygen isotopes, orbital cycles, atmospheric composition, warm and cold periods, a large current extinction of animals. The climate is evaluated in the geological time scale [1]: archaikum, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene (Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene). Copyright contribution is the evaluation of climate change for the period of instrumental measurements of air temperature for the past three centuries from 17 to 20th century. Key words climate change, geological formation, Earth. Introduction All weather [2] driven by energy from the sun, which warms the air, land and sea. All moving air masses and currents, which controls the wind and the rain. Weather occurs in the troposphere, the layer closest to the Earth. Creating ascending and descending air currents to move to give air masses. Because Earth's axis is tilted, the heat from the sun is not distributed evenly. Weather systems acting on the planet, represent redistribution of heat between the equator and the poles. Sun energy maintains the circulation in the troposphere 5.6 quadrillion tons of air and 13 trillion tons of water, mostly in the form of steam. All the 10 warmest years occurred yet registered after 1990 and the global temperature of 2005 is 0.6°C higher than in 1960. Weather can be described as heating and cooling system of the Earth, which is driven by the sun. The troposphere is the lower edge of the atmosphere - the thickest layer contains 80% of its weight. It starts at the Earth's surface and the ends of about 8 km at the poles and 16 km at the equator. Height of troposphere [2] in the period 1979-1999 increased by about 200 ms largest increase at the poles. The cause of the increasing buoyancy of hot air rising from the surface of the planet due to global warming. 110 trillion tons of water annually falls on the Earth's surface in rain and snow. It 70 trillion tons returns to the atmosphere by direct evaporation and transpiration of plants. The remaining water flows off the land into rivers and seas, where it continues to evaporate from the surface of the water. The sun is located about 150 million kilometers, to the burning surface temperature is about 5500°C. Weather acts as a central heating system. Sun adds fuel equatorial regions of the Earth act as a boiler, a tropical oceans act as radiators, pipes and poles, where snow and ice reflect some of the sunlight back into space, such as safety valves. Earth's climate functions as a continuous process attempts to strike a balance between the hot and cold regions. Earth is tilted on its axis by 23.5°, which causes the change of seasons. Another factor is the natural greenhouse effect, the average temperature of the Earth is about 15°C, which is about 33°C higher than if the atmosphere did not exist. The temperature in the troposphere decreases with height, decreases by about 1 ° C for every 150 m on top of the troposphere, the area called the tropopause temperature is rarely higher than -30° C. Material and methods The emergence of the atmosphere [1]: The current atmosphere of high oxygen content is significantly different from the original, which was made up of light gases (hydrogen, helium) and other volatile components. The initial atmosphere is created not long after the formation of Earth, but it was in the later stages of the formation of the sun torrents blow away the solar wind (constant stream of electrically charged particles that are emitted by the sun). During the further development of the Earth's body replaced it stable secondary atmosphere. In turbulent volcanic activity in the leaked huge amounts of volatile gases nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, methane and others that are present in lesser amounts. It is assumed that oxygen is slowly increased due to photo-synthesizing microorganisms which reshaped carbon dioxide. Cloud of water vapor condense and rain water began to create the surface water and the first oceans. Water ultraviolet radiation digested hydrogen, oxygen and ozone. The emergence of the oceans [1]: the Earth is between the planets of our solar system unique by the fact that on its surface is water. There is always an exchange of water masses between the atmosphere and the huge surface reservoirs, which are oceans, seas and lakes. Exchange between the oceans and the atmosphere is essential for climate and preservation of life on earth. Origin and evolution of the oceans began during the first half billion years of the Earth, where the planet's surface cooled enough to allow the water to keep the liquid state and create coherent mass. Water in young oceans reacted with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate which consists of limestone. In the first weathering of rocks on land were taken away into the oceans also soluble salts. Salty sea water existed 3.5 billion years ago (as stromatolites structures of algae and cyanobacteria in findings in Australia). Undersea volcanic activity before 3.8 billion years ago is documented in western Greenland. Tidal waves on the coast Razel young Earth at speeds up to 480 km / h. By studying fossilized coral Devonian age (before Šiška B. et al.: Environmental changes and adaptation strategies about 400 million years ago), it was found that the year had in Devon about 410 days. Since the size of the orbit around the Sun remains the same, had to be Devonian day shorter (only about 21 hours) and then the Earth rotates faster [1]. Plate tectonics and life [1]: movements of the tectonic plates significantly influenced the development and extension of life. Convergent movements meant convergence and mutual rivalry, divergent contrary, separation and independent evolution of the species in different conditions. A large continent Gondwana break-up was Pannotia in the Cambrian 542-488 million years ago [1]. The changing climate [1] in the Earth's climate has changed over time. The cold period, with extensive polar ice sheets are, alternated with warm, almost the polar ice caps. Long-term climate changes are probably caused by the movement of continents, volcanic activity and changes in ocean currents. Short-term changes may be related to changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun and variations in the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere [1]. Orbital cycles [1] Over time, reflected several factors that affect the amount of solar energy falling on the earth's surface and thus the climate. Seems to be changed at regular intervals of Milankovic cycles. The shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun varies by approximately circular for slightly elliptical in cycles lasting about 90 to 120 thousand and 413 thousand years. The shape of the orbit is changing by the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn - it affects the amount of solar radiation and the length of seasons. In addition, the slope of the earth's axis between 21.8 to 24.40. At maximum tilt of 24.40, the amount of solar energy falling in the summer increases, while during the winter and reduces cold. The Earth's axis also carries a circular (oscillatory) motion called precession due to the gravitational effects of the sun, the moon, Jupiter and Saturn. The cycle takes 26,000 years and change it insolation and the length of seasons [1]. The composition of the atmosphere [1]: Milankovic cycles are the external cause of climate change, but they can also be caused by a variety of terrestrial factors. One of them is the so-called greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor; absorb the thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, which can then escape into space. With the increase in the content of the atmosphere warms. Changes in the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere are particularly influenced by biological processes, volcanic activity and weathering of rocks on the planet's surface. Living organisms produce and consume carbon dioxide during respiration and photosynthesis. A large amountof it is released into the air during volcanic eruptions, while pumped by reaction with water and rocks are formed when carbonate minerals. Analyses of air bubbles enclosed in the ice of Antarctica shows the close relationship between air temperature and carbon dioxide levels for the last four glacial periods. General circulation of the oceans distributes heat and moisture in the atmosphere and affects climate. Surface water tropical oceans heated by solar radiation is shifted towards the poles at high altitudes geographic heats the th th Slovakia, Skalica, 9 – 11 September 2013 mainland and from them it heats the air above them. Western and Northern Europe is thus heated warm Gulf Stream. If this current disappeared or changed its direction, then in these areas there were much colder winters than it is today. The system of ocean currents is influenced by the placement of continents and oceans on earth. Any change caused by the movement of tectonic plates then constitutes interference with the global climate [1]. Warm and cold periods: the geological history of the Earth had many very warm "greenhouse" period and little or no glaciers in both polar regions. For this period was [1] characterized by an increased content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Due to the warm climate in the polar regions are also able to create large dry areas around the equator and broad shallow sea. During the history of the Earth is constantly repeated cold climatic fluctuations lasting millions of years. In prekambium we have evidence of at least two distinct cold periods in which glaciation reached up to equatorial regions (the "Countries such as snowball"). The last ice age ended just before 11 thousand years ago. Fossils show how quick and drastic climate changes associated with ice ages influenced not only living organisms, as well as sea level or the landscape [1]. Large extinctions [1]: Over the past 540 million years there was at least five major extinction event. Among the most significant are dying at the end of the Permian about 251 million years ago (96% of extinct marine species, 70% of species of terrestrial vertebrates and 83% of insect species), from which the life of recovering the next 100 million years. The most famous extinction at the end of the Cretaceous (65 million years ago, dinosaurs became extinct, many marine reptiles, flying lizards, pterosaurs, and many groups of invertebrates) was probably caused by a meteorite (the size of about 10 km with creating a crater 240 km in the Gulf of Mexico) and intense volcanic activity. Volcanic gases (mainly carbon dioxide) can cause short-term local warming, acidification of rain in the medium term, the reduction of ozone and long-term global warming. Other important factors include changes in circulation in the oceans and atmosphere, ice or impacts of extraterrestrial bodies. Even older mass extinction at the end of the Ordovician occurred due to significant fluctuations in sea levels, caused by the growth and melting of polar ice caps [1]. The current extinction [1]: Since the end of the last ice age, most of the large land animals disappeared, with the exception of Africa. The changing climate has led to the extinction of animals adapted to cold climates, such as mammoths, rhinos and giant furry deer. However, it was found that their extinction in many areas related to the emergence of modern humans [1]. Archaikum represents [1] in the Earth's history, from 4 to 2.5 billion years before nowadays. At the beginning of this eon the planet was subjected to numerous collisions, known as "the great bombardment" by comets and asteroids. The end of the Archaic on the other hand connected with a strong oxygenation of the atmosphere that its fundamental nature has changed forever. It is assumed that most of the Archaic terrestrial atmosphere free of oxygen in its composition prevailing nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide. The sun Šiška B. et al.: Environmental changes and adaptation strategies was at that time much weaker and came out of him on earth less radiation. Were it not for greenhouse gases, the Earth would be a frozen ball of rock. In the early Archaic times because of these greenhouse gases created by warm global climate, air temperature so they can move up in the range of 55-80° C. This could also correspond to high water temperatures in the oceans. The only living organisms that have managed in such a warm and salty environment to survive, the thermophilic anaerobic bacteria and Archaea. Although it appears that the former climate was very warm, while about 2.9 billion years ago there was a short-term, however, a drastic drop in temperature, and the country is so spread first iceberg. The geological evidence shows that in the last few hundred million years of the Archaic temperatures returned to baseline values high. Volcanoes, including submarine, releasing quantities of hot gases that have shaped the Earth's atmosphere [1]. Neogen started [1] 23,030,000 years ago; divided into Miocene (before 23.03 to 5,332 million years), followed by Pliocene to 2,588,000 years and Pleistocene to 0,011,700 years. Before the Holocene began 11,700 years ago [1]. In the older Neogene already under way flow of the Antarctic circumpolar current which isolated the cold region of the continent. Cooling seawater is also reflected in the composition of the sediments, calcareous because they are replaced by silica. 12 to 14 million years before the global temperature dropped and East Antarctic glaciation expanded further. Temperature of the ocean waters has decreased in the polar region while at lower latitudes remained around 22-24 ° C. 15 million years ago evolved in low latitudes arid savannah vegetation. At the end of the Miocene polar cap increased and its area was larger than today. About 5.2 and 4.8 million years occurred two significant glaciation periods lasting about 15,000 years. In the North Pole, the ice still did not create the year. In colder periods decreasing sea level due to the fact that more water was trapped in polar ice. In the older Pliocene, the climate warmed for a short time, but then again colder and began to create glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere. A decrease in sea levels before 5.7 million years there has been isolation of the Mediterranean Sea, which partially dried up, leaving a powerful salt deposit. 5 million years ago opened the Strait of Gibraltar. Core samples of ice in the polar caps and the deep sea sediments provide evidence of paleoclimate. Despite a changing climate, the content of CO2 in the atmosphere Neogene relatively stable [1]. Results and disscussion Fig. 1 represents [1] percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere during the history of the planet. [1] The highest levels were found in the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian, the lowest in younger Carboniferous and Permian. Even though the content of the gas and air temperature on Earth has a very significant correlation, it is important to realize that the "greenhouse" parameter is more. The production of methane from the depths of the sea, eventually of permafrost, eruptive emissions from volcanic activity, supported or vice versa restrictions against vital signs biodiversity of the seas and oceans are also very important. People contribute to the th th Slovakia, Skalica, 9 – 11 September 2013 production of CFCs, which luckily managed to limit, as well as production of gas from the land transport and destruction of the biosphere leakage of oil spills, controlled exclusively by the laws of the global market acts of destruction and the destruction of the natural environment - sick restrictions against nature then has indeed lost its defensive mechanisms. Figure1. Carbondioxide formations share during geological Fig. 2 documents [1] great significance of the relationship between carbon dioxide and the ambient temperature. The temperature is shown in the blue line, a red gas content. Changes in the content of the gas can be determined by analysis of the air bubbles enclosed in ice. The chart was compiled from the values obtained from the drilling cores in Antarctica. Listed are four glacial period in the last 420,000 years [1]. It can be observed that the trend towards global warming in all cases was stronger and the temperature drop slowly. Figure2. Relationship between carbondioxide (red line) and temperature (blue line) Earth's climate has always been in a state of movement, whether due to short-term changes in the duration of months or years, or longer-term cycles. Serbian mathematician Milutin Milanković formulated in 1920 glacial cycle. Over about 100,000 years the Earth's orbit gradually changes from circular to slightly elliptical and back, and tilt the Earth's axis will change in about 41,000 years. The axis also wobbles with a period of about every 21,000 years. During the last Ice Age Mediterranean was wet and cold, the Sahara was covered in lush vegetation and tropical were colder and drier than today. On earth was bound in ice water so that the sea level dropped about 120 to 140 meters. Great Britain and Ireland were linked with Europe dry land, as well as Asia, North America territories, which today form the Bering Strait. Ice Age ended about 12,000 years ago, when the Earth warmed and the ice melted. Climate rapidly passed from extreme cold to extreme heat. At one stage, the average temperature in southern Greenland for nearly 50 years has increased by 7 oC. About eight to six thousand years the climate has allowed the development of agriculture in the th Šiška B. et al.: Environmental changes and adaptation strategies Middle East and its spread to southern Europe and Asia. In the early 14th century, the climate was suddenly colder and wetter it. Little Ice Age lasted about 500 years. The average temperature in the northern hemisphere dropped by about 1°C, which led to a process of glaciers, disease and migration. In the second half of the 19th century was still milder climate, but even wetter. Obvious warming occurred between the years 1895 to 1940, followed by cooling of the 1940 and 1970s. Then the climate is warmer, especially since the mid-eighties of the 20th century. Earth's climate over millions of years, the natural cycles of freezing and thawing, but the prognosis of future climate we unfortunately have to include a new phenomenon - the influence of mankind. Because of pollution of air, soil, water terrestrial surface and groundwater water seas and oceans is the temperature change of environment (milieu). The atmosphere was always present main gases - water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. The problem is that people are uncoordinated produce excessive amounts, thereby increasing the ability of the atmosphere to attract the thermal energy. The greenhouse effect is not the only factor influencing climate of the Earth. Wide-ranging effect may cause a slight change in the energy emitted by the Sun. Another factor is the geological conditions of the planet. The slow movement of the continents either přehrazuje ocean currents, or turn stimulates the formation of new ones. Volcanic eruptions (eg Thera-Santorini 1620 years BC, 79 AD Vesuvius, Tambora-Indonesia 1815 StHelene 1980, Pinatubo 1991) result in numerous short-term climate changes. Periodicals extraordinary influence on the global climate phenomenon El Niño in the Pacific, fluctuations in water temperatures in the North Atlantic (Atlantic multi-cascade oscillations), there is concern with the weakening of the Gulf Stream, important for the climate of Europe. The global temperature has risen since the sixties of the 19th century by 0.6° C. The climate of the country is so finely balanced, and that this increase destabilized conditions on the planet. The Himalayas are shrinking 95% of the glaciers in the Alps and the Caucasus all. In the Andes, a glacier Pio Onze tends to grow, Perito Moreno is stable, but the vast majority of others (eg Martial Glacier Ushuaia, Upsala at Lago Argentina) are declining sharply. Larsen Glacier in Antarctica disappears significantly from year to year. The tendency of global warming is not evenly distributed around the globe. Inuit in the Arctic observed in the darkest part of the year across the horizon rainbow consisting of a thin strip of blue, pink and red lights shortage caused by global warming. Ice cover of the Arctic Ocean for thirty years dwindled for three to two meters and annual decreases of area about the size of the Netherlands. There is concern that the rapid surge of cold fresh water from the melting ice could stop the Gulf Stream and plunge Europe into northwestern Arctic winters. The average temperature in the Arctic has increased over the last 50 years by 3-4 ° C, the major Canadian lakes by 2°C and the Antarctic Peninsula by 2.5°C. There are receding glaciers and bare rocks are fitted in green plants. Over the last 30 years extensive Self ice came area of 12500 km2. Almost all the 244 glaciers on the peninsula are receding at an accelerating pace. Fortunately, in the middle th Slovakia, Skalica, 9 – 11 September 2013 of the Antarctic continent (South Pole) is the temperature trend reversed. Over the past 50 years, the world ocean level increased by 1.8 mm per year over the last 20 years, the pace accelerated to about 3 mm per year. In the Pacific islands lying low over the water begin to disappear under water and their inhabitants call the alarm. Whale Skate Island in the Hawaiian archipelago disappeared in 2004. Numerous animals are rapidly changing environmental conditions and for certain types of changes are liquidating. This varies much diodiversity and food chains, including following the person. Also moving species to areas with higher latitudes and altitudes is often documented. The time shift of the onset of spring in plants and animals is fenology frequently recorded. Conclusions All recorded applies to the Central European region including the Czech Republic. Shift the onset of spring phenological phases virtually all monitored plants is documented, among other things, in the recent atlas [5] Czech phenological conditions and a number of other [3,4] Central European and other works by authors from the northern hemisphere. The same tendency is documented including Bauer and Lipina [6] in zoocenologie birds. Man and his activities are not the only cause of current climate change, but this species could and should be able to provide this addition of his (added value) by limiting their destructive activities qualitatively and quantitatively. Causes of terrestrial (movement of continents, volcanic activity) as well as solar energy can not blame a man, but pollution of the natural environment caused by the activities of many unwise Homo sapiens yes. Disposing of a healthy milieu (air, water, soil, underground, seas and oceans), not only for the human environment, but also for other users of the globe is undoubtedly reprehensible in every respect. Plundering of natural wealth accumulated under the pretext of releasing the invisible hand of the market chain would not only backfired unfortunately this species. References Prehistoric, 2009. A Dorling Kindersley Book, London 2009, (www.dk.com). ISBN 978-80-242-2683-5(www.euromedia.cz) Simons Paul, 2006. Nature’s Mighty Powers: Extreme Weather. ISBN 978-80-7406-110-3 (Czech version 2010) Kott Ivan, Nekovář Jiří, 2007. Climatic conditions of beginning, course and termination of vegetative periode in connection with phenophase entrance of selected forest plant species. In: Transaction of the CHMI, vol. 50, ISBN 978-80-86690-44-5 Nekovář Jiří (ed), 2008. The history and current status of plant phenology in Europe. COST Office & METLA Muhos. ISBN 978-951-40-2091-9, 182 pp Atlas of the phenological conditions in Czechia. Praha CHMI – UP Olomouc, 2012, 311 PP. ISBN (CHMI) 978-80-86690-98-8; ISBN (UP) 978-80-244-3005-8 Bauer Zdenek, Lipina Pavel, 2012. The impact of climate change on plant and animal populations in floodforest in the period of 1951-2000 and comments to the period of 2001-2010. Transaction of the CHMI, vol. 58, 78 pp. ISBN 978-80-87577-06-6