Download TEST 2: TAKE-HOME Name HONORS INTRODUCTION TO

TEST 2: TAKE-HOME
Name ____________________________________
HONORS INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
SPRING SEMESTER 2010
Where questions pertain to particular articles from Taking Sides and Annotated Editions,
the article is shown. For other questions, don’t forget the lecture slides on my web page,
www.allpsych.com, www. personalityresearch.org/ and www.prenhall.com/livepsych. Your
classmates are not the best source of information since your answers being too similar to
theirs can result in a loss of credit for the test.
SLEEP
1. Describe the sleep cycle. (3)
How long is it?
How many stages does it have?
Which stages tend to lengthen and shorten as the full cycle repeats?
2. (2) What is the difference between REM and NREM sleep in terms of the states of various
parts of the brain and body?
3. How often do people probably dream given the results of sleep lab data?
4. Why do we not remember our dreams?
Match the following sleep disorder with its description or definition.
A. insomnia
B. sleepwalking
C. narcolepsy D. night terrors
E. REM sleep behavior disorder
_____ 5. In this sleep disorder you “act out” your dreams physically, and may sustain injury.
_____ 6. This sleep disorder usually involves one apparently waking up in a state of panic, but
shortly falling back asleep and nor remembering the episode.
_____ 7. A number of individuals have used this as a defense in a court of law, even against
murder. Some have even been acquitted.
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_____ 8. This unusual sleep disorder actually happens during the day, usually following an
emotional experience. The sufferer falls immediately into REM sleep and often suffers
cataplexy or lack of muscle tone.
_____ 9. This is the most common sleep disorder, which involves the inability to fall asleep or
stay asleep. It may happen once in a while or often and is more likely when a person is under
stress.
5. (2) Name and describe one theory of why we dream. Tell the source of the theory. (If you
don’t know the original source, what was yours, textbook, slides, etc.?)
11. How is learning defined in psychology?
12. Who promoted behaviorism and the idea that psychology should not study mental
processes?
13. Who formed the school of thought known as behaviorism?
14. What was the central idea behind behaviorism?
Match the following terms with their definitions or descriptions.
A. CR B. UCR
C. extinction
D. spontaneous recovery E. generalization
_____ 15. A. disappearance of a conditioned response from behavior when the unconditioned
stimulus is no longer used
_____ 16. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog salivating to the food powder was called _____,
_____ 17. The later reappearance of a conditioned response without further conditioning
_____ 18. In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog salivating to the sound of a bell:
_____ 19. Little Albert becoming afraid of a Santa Claus beard and white fur coat.
20. (2) Briefly describe the “Little Albert” experiment.
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21. Who did this experiment?
22. What mental disorders do many psychologists believe result from classical conditioning?
23. In general, what is the difference between a CR and a UCR?
24. What does E. L. Thorndyke’s Law of Effect say? (You may answer with gist rather than
verbatim.)
25. Who was the “father” of operant conditioning?
26. What is another name for an operant chamber?
27. What is the difference between continuous and partial reinforcement?
28. Which type of reinforcement produces faster extinction?
29. If you want a high, steady rate of responding, would you use a ratio or an interval schedule?
30. Why is behavior on a variable ratio reinforcement schedule resistant to extinction?
31. Name two factors that are important to whether punishment works or not?
32. (2) What is latent learning and what did Tolman demonstrate about learning and
reinforcement?
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33. A small boy is playing with a cat when a loud clap of thunder causes him to feel fear. After
this experience, whenever he sees a cat, he feels fear. Which type of learning or conditioning has
occurred?
A. classical conditioning
B. observational learning
C. operant conditioning
D. insight learning
34. A boy studies his spelling list for half an hour. He is very excited when he scores 100% and
receives a gold star on the spelling test. Now he studies for half an hour before every spelling
test. Which type of learning or conditioning has occurred?
A. classical conditioning
B. observational learning
C. operant conditioning
D. insight learning
35. A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food
treat. This is an example of:
A. positive reinforcement
B. negative reinforcement
C. positive punishment
D. negative punishment
36. John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white
rat with a loud startling noise. Albert now becomes startled at the sight of the white rat, which is
now a:
A. UCS
B. UCR
C. CS
D. CR
37. Robert had his driver’s license suspended for driving under the influence.
A. positive reinforcement
B. negative reinforcement
C. positive punishment
D. negative punishment
38. You have a headache, so you take an aspirin and it goes away. Next time you have a
headache, you will probably take another one.
A. positive reinforcement
B. negative reinforcement
C. positive punishment
D. negative punishment
39. Using his Bobo Doll experiments, Albert Bandura showed:
A. That the consequences of a model’s behavior do not matter.
B. That children are not influenced by what they see on video.
C. That viewing aggression causes children to engage in more aggression.
D. That viewing television is harmful to children.
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40. According to Albert Bandura, social behaviors are most often learned from:
A. school
B. parents
C. experience
D. observing others
41. Who wrote the first IQ test, where and why?
A. Charles Spearman as a tool for his factor analysis research.
B. Sir Francis Galton to use with the Eugenics movement.
C. Alfred Binet to assess readiness for the Paris school system.
D. Louis Terman to identify geniuses in California.
42. Why did members of the eugenics movement want to see an IQ test developed?
43. Regardless of the actual scale used for scores, tests that are standardized by giving the test to
a large number of people who represent the group for which the test is designed always yield
meaningful ________________. This is how they compare raw scores to each other.
A. averages
B. test reliability
C. raw scores
D. percentile scores
44. Which of Sternberg’s thee types of intelligence compares to the type of reasoning normally
tested on an IQ test?
45. (2) Briefly describe Sternberg’s other two types of reasoning.
46. Charles Spearman proposed that:
A. intelligence is a g-factor
C. intelligence should not be measured
B. intelligence is a talent
D. we should only use IQ subscale scores
47. In the plant-pot analogy in your textbook that showed how cultural influences affect IQ
scores, what represented the cultural influences?
A. the bag of seed
B. the quality of the soil
C. height of the plants
D. the pots themselves
48. (2) Is intelligence inherited? Discuss briefly.
TAKING SIDES: 10: IS THE THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES VALID?
49. (2) What is the difference between a talent and an intelligence? Discuss briefly.
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50. Multiple intelligence theory has been very popular in school systems across the world. It
has not shown any improvements in student learning. It has been good for something else,
however. What is that?
51. What prerequisite/s does Gardner use for selecting an intellectual skill as a candidate
intelligence?
52. (3) In this article, White says that developmentalism does not work the same way in
psychology as in biology. What is it, and why does it not work the same way?
53. (2) What did Gardner mean by “Westest, Testest, and Bestest”?
This section is on the theory of Jean Piaget. Check the Personality Research site for
information.
54. What is a scheme?
55. What are the two methods of adaptation or learning?
56. What is the primary motive for learning?
57. Name Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
58. At what stage do children become able to think logically?
59. What can a Formal Operational child do that a Concrete Operational child cannot?
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60. Fifteen-year-old Irene has no trouble defeating her 9-year-old brother at a detective game
that requires following complex clues in order to figure out who did a crime. How might Jean
Piaget explain Irene’s superiority at this game?
A. Being older, she is operating at the preoperational level.
B. Girls develop intellectually at a faster rate than boys.
C. Being an adolescent, Irene is beginning to develop abstract reasoning skills.
D. Girls typically have more experience than boys at playing games.
WHAT WAS I THINKING? (ANN. ED. # 16)
61. (2) Why do non-experts make intuitive mistakes?
62. Is confidence in decision-making indicative of accuracy?
MOVE OVER MICE (ANN. ED. # 14)
63. How long does it take a baby robot to learn to recognize faces?
64. Why are most computers “developmentally stunted”?
65. (2) According to Bartlett, what is the best approach to getting computers to recognize faces?
THE CULTURE-COGNITION CONNECTION (ANN. ED. # 17)
66. How do we (Westerners) differ from the Orientals (Japanese/Chinese) on:
a. where our eyes linger in a picture?
b. how we categorize?
c. making the Fundamental Attribution Error?
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67. Brenda has trouble remembering her new five-digit ZIP plus four-digit address code. What
is the most likely explanation for the difficulty she is experiencing?
A. Nine digits are near the upper limit of most people’s capacity for short-term memory.
B. Nine digits are near the upper limit of most people’s capacity for long-term memory.
C. The extra four digits are just too much information to be organized easily into chunks.
D. Brenda evidently has an impaired long-term memory.
68.
In information processing theory, to what is human memory compared?
69. Do psychologists currently believe that memory is a single system?
70. What process encodes memory from sensory to short-term?
71. (2) Why is elaborative rehearsal a powerful encoding strategy?
72. (2) Why is using visual imagery a powerful encoding strategy?
73. What did Ebbinghaus say about learning meaningful information?
74. What is episodic memory?
75. What is semantic memory? Is it harder or easier to encode than episodic memory?
76. What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?
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77. (2) Sir Frederic Bartlett first proposed the scientific belief in the reconstruction of memory? What
did he find in his research that led him to propose this?
78. (3) How can source confusion or source amnesia lead to the belief in pseudomemories of
prior events?
79. (2) Two major reasons for forgetting are encoding failure and interference. Describe how
each one works. What is the difference between the two?
TAKING SIDES: 11: ARE THE RECOVERED MEMORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
TRAUMA VALID?
80. (2) What is motivated forgetting? From whose theory does the idea come that memories
can be repressed and later recovered in therapy? Do psychologists all agree that we can repress
memories?
81. In general, what does emotional arousal do to memory formation?
82. What is the memory problem of sufferers of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?
83. (2) Would you judge a spontaneously recovered memory differently from one recovered
under hypnotherapy? How/why?
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84. (2) What damage can be done from accepting a “recovered” pseudomemory?
85. (2) What damage can be done from falsely discounting a genuine recovered memory?
Numbers in parentheses beside the question number indicate the number of points that can
be earned on the question. Questions with no numbers in parentheses are worth one point.
Total points for the test should be 110.
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