Download The Chemistry of Life

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The Chemistry of Life
Atoms, elements, molecules, compounds, mixtures
Water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
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Day 2 Review
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Atoms, elements, molecules, compounds
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Bonds that make molecules
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Balancing Chemical Equations
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Atoms & Elements
What’s the difference
Atom = the smallest particle of an element

Element = any substance that can not be
broken down further. (two or more of the same atom)
that has all the properties of that element.
Two or more different atoms that are chemically
combined are called? Molecules
A substance made of two or more elements
chemically combined. Compound
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Molecules and Compounds

2 different atoms combine to make Molecules.
 2 different atoms combine to make Bonds.
 Covalent
 Share electrons
 Ionic
 Gain or lose electrons
Covalent
Ionic
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Chemical Reactions
occur when bonds are formed or broken, causing
substances to recombine into different substances.
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Balancing Equations
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Matter is never destroyed
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Sometimes it takes more than one step to
balance
Balance these Equations
Answers
1.
Al + O2
2.
K + B2O3
3. HCl + NaOH
4.
CH4 + O2
5.
N2 + H2
Al + O3
K2O + B
1.
Al + 3O2
2. 6K + 2B2O3
NaCl + H2O 3. HCl + NaOH
CO2 + H2O
4.
CH4 + 2O2
NH3
5.
N2 + 3H2
More practice equations found in
the online book page 157
Al + 2O3
3K2O + 4B
NaCl + H2O
balanced
CO2 + 2H2O
2NH3
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Day 3…Go:
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Properties of Water
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Macromolecules
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A very large molecule, such as a protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked
together
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Water & Mixtures
Water is perhaps the most important compound in living things.
Water is vital to life on Earth. Its properties allow it to provide environments suitable for
life and to help organisms maintain homeostasis. Humans can survive many days without
food but only a few days without water.
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Properties of water
1.
A water molecule is polar. (like a magnet) Its bent shape results in a
slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative
charge on the oxygen atom. As a result it forms hydrogen bonds.
2.
Water is called the universal solvent because many substances dissolve in
it.
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Properties of water
As a result, nutrients in bodies of water
mix because of changes in water density during
spring & fall.
Liquid water becomes more dense as it cools to
4°C. yet, ice is less dense than liquid water.
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Properties of water
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Water is adhesive
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It forms hydrogen bonds with molecules on
other surfaces.
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Capillary action is the result of adhesion. Water
travels up the stem.
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Properties of water
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. Water is cohesive the molecules are attracted
to each other because of hydrogen bonds.
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This attraction creates surface tension, which
causes water to form droplets and allows insects
to rest on the surface of a body of water.
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Mixtures
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Two types of mixtures
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Heterogeneous
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Homogeneous
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They mix in different ways:
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Homogeneous
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from Greek homos "one and the
same,"
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Solvent-Dissolves the other
substance
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Solute-Is the substance that dissolves
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Creates a Solution
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Heterogeneous
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Greek heteros "the other (of two),
another, different;
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Components do not change
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Mixtures
Homogeneous
and
Solution
Pg. 163
Heterogeneous
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Macromolecules Video
Macromolecules
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A structure of atoms that are covalently bonded = Molecules
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A very large molecule, such as a protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked
together.
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Carbohydrates
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Lipids
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Proteins
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Nucleic Acids
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Intro to Macros https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIGFRlaFhmc
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Carbon
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Carbon, #6 on the periodic table, always
make 4 bonds
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Because of the 4 electrons in the outer shell
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Practice C2H6
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Hydrocarbons
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Hydrocarbons = molecules made of Carbon and Hydrogen only
 Carbon atom has 4 electrons available for bonding in its outer energy level.
 When each atom shares two electrons,
a double bond is formed.
 When each atom shares 3 electrons,
a triple bond is formed.
Hydrocarbons
Prefixes and Examples
Organic Hydrocarbon Prefixes
Number of
Prefix
Formula
Carbon atoms
meth1
C
eth2
C2
prop3
C3
but4
C4
pent5
C5
hex6
C6
hept7
C7
oct8
C8
non9
C9
dec10
C10
Suffixes or Bond type
Suffix
yl
-ane
-ene
-yne
Definition
Alkane less 1 terminal hydrogen
Contains single bonds between carbon atoms
Contains a double bond between 2 carbon atoms
Contains a triple bond between 2 carbon atoms
Examples
Name
Ethene
_________________
Propane
__________________
Butyne
___________________
Page166
Molecular Chains (Biomolecules)
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
Hydrolysis
Dehydration
C12H22O11
H2O
Compounds that have the same
chemical formula but different
isomers
3 dimensional structures are….. _______
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Carbohydrates
Are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen
atoms for each carbon atom.
The formula is written (CH2O)n
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Sucrose
Carbohydrates: monosaccharide's, disaccharide’s & polysaccharide's
Carbohydrates can be monosaccharide's (ie. glucose), disaccharide’s (ie. sucrose), or polysaccharides (ie. Glycogen & chitin)
All serve as great sources for energy in living things.
In addition to their roles as energy sources,
carbohydrates have other important functions.
In plants, a carbohydrate called cellulose provides
structural support in cell walls.
Cellulose is made of chains of glucose linked together into tough fibers
that are well suited for their structural role.
Chitin is a nitrogen- containing polysaccharide that is the main
component in the hard outer shells of shrimp, lobsters, and some insects.
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Lipids
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made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make
up the fats, oils, and waxes
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Plant leaves are coated with lipids called waxes
to prevent water loss, and the honeycomb
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The primary function of lipids is to store energy
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in a beehive is made of beeswax
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include saturated and unsaturated fats
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Lipids are composed of fatty acids, glycerol, and
other components
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Phospholipids
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Phospholipids that are responsible for the
structure and function of the cell membrane.
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Lipids are hydrophobic,
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They do not dissolve in water.
This is important:
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it allows lipids to serve as barriers in
biological membranes.
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Steroid Group
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Hormones
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Cholesterol
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Reputation as a ”bad” lipid,
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Cholesterol provides the starting point for
other necessary lipids
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vitamin D and the
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hormones
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Estrogen
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testosterone.
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Proteins
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Compound made of small carbon compounds
called amino acids
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Amino acids have a central carbon atom
 Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds.
 One of those bonds is with hydrogen.
 The other 3 bonds are each with an amino
group:
 (-NH2 ), a carboxyl group
 (-COOH), and a
 variable group (-R).
 The variable group make one of the 20
different amino acids
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Protein Function
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Your cells contain about 10,000 different
proteins
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15% of your total body mass
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Involved in nearly every function of your body
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Actions proteins help with:
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Provide structural support,
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Transport substances Inside the cell/between
cells,
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Communicate signals within a cell/between
cells,
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Speed up chemical reactions
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Control cell growth
muscles, skin, and hair are made of proteins
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Protein Types
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Nucleic Acids
 Complex
macromolecules that store
and transmit genetic information.
 made
of smaller repeating subunits
composed of:
 Carbon
 Nitrogen
 Oxygen
 Phosphorous, and
 Hydrogen atoms
 Nucleotides
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There are 6 major nucleotides,
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all have three units:
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a phosphate
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a nitrogenous base
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a ribose sugar
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Nucleic Acids in Living Organisms
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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hereditary material in humans
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(and almost all other organisms)
RNA
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Ribonucleic acid
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polymeric molecule made up of one or
more nucleotides
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RNA transmits genetic information from
DNA to proteins produced by the cell
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Bad singing. Catchy tune.
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Thrift Shop: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYLUZuzifuw