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+ The Chemistry of Life Atoms, elements, molecules, compounds, mixtures Water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids + Day 2 Review Atoms, elements, molecules, compounds Bonds that make molecules Balancing Chemical Equations + Atoms & Elements What’s the difference Atom = the smallest particle of an element Element = any substance that can not be broken down further. (two or more of the same atom) that has all the properties of that element. Two or more different atoms that are chemically combined are called? Molecules A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined. Compound + Molecules and Compounds 2 different atoms combine to make Molecules. 2 different atoms combine to make Bonds. Covalent Share electrons Ionic Gain or lose electrons Covalent Ionic + Chemical Reactions occur when bonds are formed or broken, causing substances to recombine into different substances. + Balancing Equations Matter is never destroyed + + + Sometimes it takes more than one step to balance Balance these Equations Answers 1. Al + O2 2. K + B2O3 3. HCl + NaOH 4. CH4 + O2 5. N2 + H2 Al + O3 K2O + B 1. Al + 3O2 2. 6K + 2B2O3 NaCl + H2O 3. HCl + NaOH CO2 + H2O 4. CH4 + 2O2 NH3 5. N2 + 3H2 More practice equations found in the online book page 157 Al + 2O3 3K2O + 4B NaCl + H2O balanced CO2 + 2H2O 2NH3 + Day 3…Go: Properties of Water Macromolecules A very large molecule, such as a protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked together + Water & Mixtures Water is perhaps the most important compound in living things. Water is vital to life on Earth. Its properties allow it to provide environments suitable for life and to help organisms maintain homeostasis. Humans can survive many days without food but only a few days without water. + Properties of water 1. A water molecule is polar. (like a magnet) Its bent shape results in a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom. As a result it forms hydrogen bonds. 2. Water is called the universal solvent because many substances dissolve in it. + Properties of water As a result, nutrients in bodies of water mix because of changes in water density during spring & fall. Liquid water becomes more dense as it cools to 4°C. yet, ice is less dense than liquid water. + Properties of water Water is adhesive It forms hydrogen bonds with molecules on other surfaces. Capillary action is the result of adhesion. Water travels up the stem. + Properties of water . Water is cohesive the molecules are attracted to each other because of hydrogen bonds. This attraction creates surface tension, which causes water to form droplets and allows insects to rest on the surface of a body of water. + Mixtures Two types of mixtures Heterogeneous Homogeneous They mix in different ways: Homogeneous from Greek homos "one and the same," Solvent-Dissolves the other substance Solute-Is the substance that dissolves Creates a Solution Heterogeneous Greek heteros "the other (of two), another, different; Components do not change + Mixtures Homogeneous and Solution Pg. 163 Heterogeneous + Macromolecules Video Macromolecules A structure of atoms that are covalently bonded = Molecules A very large molecule, such as a protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked together. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Intro to Macros https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIGFRlaFhmc + Carbon Carbon, #6 on the periodic table, always make 4 bonds Because of the 4 electrons in the outer shell Practice C2H6 + Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons = molecules made of Carbon and Hydrogen only Carbon atom has 4 electrons available for bonding in its outer energy level. When each atom shares two electrons, a double bond is formed. When each atom shares 3 electrons, a triple bond is formed. Hydrocarbons Prefixes and Examples Organic Hydrocarbon Prefixes Number of Prefix Formula Carbon atoms meth1 C eth2 C2 prop3 C3 but4 C4 pent5 C5 hex6 C6 hept7 C7 oct8 C8 non9 C9 dec10 C10 Suffixes or Bond type Suffix yl -ane -ene -yne Definition Alkane less 1 terminal hydrogen Contains single bonds between carbon atoms Contains a double bond between 2 carbon atoms Contains a triple bond between 2 carbon atoms Examples Name Ethene _________________ Propane __________________ Butyne ___________________ Page166 Molecular Chains (Biomolecules) C6H12O6 C6H12O6 Hydrolysis Dehydration C12H22O11 H2O Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different isomers 3 dimensional structures are….. _______ + Carbohydrates Are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. The formula is written (CH2O)n Monosaccharide Disaccharide Sucrose Carbohydrates: monosaccharide's, disaccharide’s & polysaccharide's Carbohydrates can be monosaccharide's (ie. glucose), disaccharide’s (ie. sucrose), or polysaccharides (ie. Glycogen & chitin) All serve as great sources for energy in living things. In addition to their roles as energy sources, carbohydrates have other important functions. In plants, a carbohydrate called cellulose provides structural support in cell walls. Cellulose is made of chains of glucose linked together into tough fibers that are well suited for their structural role. Chitin is a nitrogen- containing polysaccharide that is the main component in the hard outer shells of shrimp, lobsters, and some insects. + Lipids made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make up the fats, oils, and waxes Plant leaves are coated with lipids called waxes to prevent water loss, and the honeycomb The primary function of lipids is to store energy in a beehive is made of beeswax include saturated and unsaturated fats Lipids are composed of fatty acids, glycerol, and other components + Phospholipids Phospholipids that are responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane. Lipids are hydrophobic, They do not dissolve in water. This is important: it allows lipids to serve as barriers in biological membranes. + Steroid Group Hormones Cholesterol Reputation as a ”bad” lipid, Cholesterol provides the starting point for other necessary lipids vitamin D and the hormones Estrogen testosterone. + Proteins Compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids Amino acids have a central carbon atom Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds. One of those bonds is with hydrogen. The other 3 bonds are each with an amino group: (-NH2 ), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable group (-R). The variable group make one of the 20 different amino acids + Protein Function Your cells contain about 10,000 different proteins 15% of your total body mass Involved in nearly every function of your body Actions proteins help with: Provide structural support, Transport substances Inside the cell/between cells, Communicate signals within a cell/between cells, Speed up chemical reactions Control cell growth muscles, skin, and hair are made of proteins + Protein Types + Nucleic Acids Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. made of smaller repeating subunits composed of: Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous, and Hydrogen atoms Nucleotides There are 6 major nucleotides, all have three units: a phosphate a nitrogenous base a ribose sugar + Nucleic Acids in Living Organisms DNA deoxyribonucleic acid hereditary material in humans (and almost all other organisms) RNA Ribonucleic acid polymeric molecule made up of one or more nucleotides RNA transmits genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell + Bad singing. Catchy tune. Thrift Shop: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYLUZuzifuw