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Learning
Learning
• Learning - “A
relatively
permanent
change in an
organism’s
behavior due to
experience”
Nature vs. Nurture Argument
• “Give me a dozen healthy infants,
well-formed, and my own special
world to bring them up in, and I’ll
guarantee to take any one at
random and train him to be any
type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, artist, merchantchief, and yes, beggar-man and
thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities,
vocations, and race of his
ancestors.”
» John Broadus
Watson, 1928
Types of Learning
• Associative
Learning
– Linking two events
together
• Natural
Learning styles
– natural
learning
abilities
Associative Learning
Associative Learning
As you listen, write down how
this makes you feel.
What do you think this story is
about?
• Imagine this is a movie poster:
What do you think this story is
about?
• Imagine this is a movie poster:
Types of Learning
• Conditioning
– the process of
learning
associations.
Types of Learning – Associative
(Nurture)
– Classical
Conditioning
• associate two stimuli
and anticipate
events – Ivan Pavlov
– Operant
Conditioning
• associate our behavior
and its consequences
and act according to our
best interest – B.F.
Skinner
– Observational
Learning
• Watching what’s
happening around you –
Albert Bandura
Associative Learning
1 - Classical Conditioning
• associating
two stimuli
and thus
anticipating
events
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Classical Conditioning
We learn to
associate
two stimuli
Classical Conditioning
• UCS
– unconditioned
stimulus
• UCR
– unconditioned
response
• CS
– conditioned
stimulus
• CR
– conditioned
response
How do we know this is true?
Pavlov’s dog experiment
• noticed that when he put
food (UCS) in the dog’s
mouth, the dog would
salivate (UCR).
• he added a neutral
stimulus.
- Bell rings, then meat
powder is delivered
• which became the
(CS) and produced a
(CR)
– This is called Acquisition.
•
Bell = salivation, no food
needed
Classical Conditioning examples
Classical Conditioning
• Extinction
– diminishing a
conditioning
when a response
is no longer
reinforced
• Spontaneous
Recovery
– After a rest period,
an extinguished
CR (salivation)
spontaneously
recovers, but if the
CS (tone) persists
alone, the CR
becomes extinct
again.
Classical Conditioning
• Discrimination
– is the learned ability to
distinguish between a
conditioned stimulus and
other stimuli that do not
signal an unconditioned
stimulus.
•Generalization
–once a response has been
conditioned, similar stimuli
elicit similar responses
Applications of Classical
Conditioning
1.
2.
Former crack cocaine
users should avoid
cues (people, places)
associated with
previous drug use.
Through classical
conditioning, a drug
(plus its taste) that
affects the immune
response may cause
the taste of the drug
to invoke the
immune response.
Applications of Classical
Conditioning
•Watson
– developed advertising
campaigns for a number of
organizations, including
Maxwell House, making the
“coffee break” an American
custom.
•Conducted the infamous “Little
Albert” experiment.
John B. Watson
Classical
conditioning and
Ads
How are you conditioned to
Respond to the following?
Men? Women?
What do you see?
Why is this offensive to women?
Why is this exciting to men?
Classical conditioning and Ads
Classical conditioning and Ads
Associative Learning
2 - Operant Conditioning
We learn to
associate a
response and its
consequences.
The consequences
take the form of
reinforcers and
punishments
B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning
• Thorndike’s Law
of Effect
– Underlies all of
operant
conditioning
– “Behavior that is
rewarded will be
repeated”
– Rewards are called
Reinforces
How do we know this is true?
Thorndike’s
Law of Effect
Experiment
 Cats put into puzzle
boxes
 Slightly Hungry
 Food outside
 Time to escape
decreased over
attempts
 Behaviors that
worked to escape
were repeated
 Other behaviors
decreased
Operant Conditioning
•Skinner Box (Operant
Chamber)
–Using Thorndike's law of
effect as a starting point, B.F.
Skinner developed a box to
study operant conditioning.
Operant Conditioning
• Primary
Reinforcers
– satisfy biological
needs
• Secondary
Reinforcers
– paired with
primary through
classical
conditioning
Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Schedules
• Continuous
Reinforcement
– Reinforces the
desired response
each time it
occurs. Very
little, if any,
resistance to
extinction.
Operant Conditioning -Reinforcement Schedules
• Partial
Reinforcement
–
Reinforces a
response only part
of the time.
–
Though this
results in slower
acquisition in the
beginning, it
shows greater
resistance to
extinction later on.
How is Dirk
taking last
second shots
partial
reinforcement?
Operant Conditioning - Interval
Schedules (TIME)
• Variable-interval schedule
– Reinforces a response at unpredictable time
intervals, which produces slow, steady
responses.
– e.g., pop quiz.
Operant Conditioning - Interval
Schedules (TIME)
• Fixed-interval
schedule:
– Reinforces a
response only
after a specified
time has
elapsed.
– Ex. working an
hourly-pay job
Ratio Schedules
• Fixed-ratio
schedule:
– Reinforces a
response only
after a specified
number of
responses.
– e.g., frequent
shopper cards
Ratio Schedules
• Variable-ratio
schedule
– Reinforces a
response after an
unpredictable
number of
responses. This is
hard to extinguish
because of the
unpredictability.
– ex. Gambling,
Schedules of Reinforcement
• Extinction is
more rapid
with fixed
ratio
• The most
effective
conditioning
reinforcement
schedule is
variable.
Operant Conditioning
• Shaping
– Rewarding
successively
closer
approximations
of a desired
behavior
– Useful for
teaching new
behavior
Operant Conditioning –
Reinforcers (Rewards)
• Positive
Reinforcement
– adds good
things to
increase
behavior
• Examples:
Praise
Operant Conditioning –
Reinforcers (Rewards)
• Negative
Reinforcement
– takes away bad
things to
increase
behavior
• Ex. Pain pill,
eating
Operant Conditioning Punishments
• Positive
Punishment
– adds bad things
to decrease
behavior
– Examples: spanking
Operant Conditioning Punishments
• Negative
Punishment
– takes good things
away to decrease
behavior
– Ex. time-out from
privileges
Operant Conditioning
• How should we deal with naughty
children?
Associative Learning
3 - Observational Learning
• Learning from the
environment
without direct
reinforcement
Observational Learning Types:
1. Disinhibition –
when seeing
other’s not being
punished, the
observer finds it
easier to engage
in that activity
- i.e. eliminating fear
of snakes as a
positive
example).
Observational Learning Types:
2. Modeling –
observing and
reproducing
closely
– Other’s
behavior
increase the
chance of
ours.
How do we know this is true?
Bandura’s famous Bobo Doll Study
• Children exposed to
either aggressive, nonaggressive, or no adult
model
• Children are made to
feel frustrated
• Children then taken to
room with Bobo doll and
their behavior observed
• Children exposed to
aggressive model much
more aggressive than
other children.
Observational Learning
• We can learn from other’s
experiences and examples.
Whew!!
Now you
Are a
“Learning”
Genius