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Florence: The Gradle of the Renaissance 29.1 Introduction beganin ltaly. In this chapIn the last chapter,you learnedthat the Renaissance ter,you will visit the Italian city of Florenceto learn about a numberof advances thatwere madeduring the Renaissance. Florenceis locatedon the Arno River,just north of the centerof ltaiy. The city is oftencalled the "cradle of the Renaissance."Between 1300and 1600,it was home to someof the greatestaftistsand thinkersof the Renaissance. Florencewas a beautiful city. One of its most notablebuildings was Renaissance theduonto,or cathedral,of SantaMaria del Fiore. The domed cathedralwas the centerof the city's religious life. Nearby was the PalazzoVecchio(Old Palace).This buildingwas the headquartersof the city government.The grand PalazzoMedici wasthe home of Florence'sruling family, the Medicis. A more humble housewas theCasadi Dante (Dante'sHouse).It was the home of ltaly's most famouspoet. During Renaissance times,Florencewas the banking centerof Europe.People fromaroundEurope came to the Mercato Nuovo (New Market) to trade their coins forflorins,the gold coins of Florence.Another busy spot was the PonteVecchio (OldBridge).This beautiful bridge spanned the Amo River and was linedwith the shopsof fine jewelersandgoldsmiths. Florence'swealth helpedto it a cultural leaderdurins Renaissance. In this chaprer, will visit severalplacesin the to leam aboutRenaissance m a numberof fields. ll exploreRenaissance andengineerFainting, sculpture, ffi$ w-*# , andscience and . You'll also find Florenfine politics and trade. Florence:The Cradle of the Renaissance 323 29.2The Gity of Flo Florencewas Italy's leading cultural during the Renaissance. The city was thc place of the greatpoet DanteAlighieri. painter and sculptorMichelangelogrew So did the brilliant thinker and artist da Vinci. Other Florentines,such as the Donatello, also made their mark on the Renaissance. What made Florenceso special?One is its location.As you rememberfrom the chapter,in Renaissancetimes Italy was divi into city-states.Florencewas one of these states.The city's location on the Arno River it an important center for trade and commerce. Florencebecamethe hub of woolen-clotht for all of Europe.About 100,000residents insidethe city walls. Renaissance Florencewas dominatedby a single family, the Medicis. The Medicis acquired their wealth through Florence'smajor industry: banking. In the early l4th century,Florence becameEurope'sbanking center. The banking and wool tradescreatedwealth that supportedintensecultural activity in Florence.The city and its rich residentscould afford to be oatronsof talentedartistsand ThePalazzo Vecchio housed thegov- thinkers.The Medicis, for example,spentlavish sums on art. Their ernment of Florence. Localauthoritieshome was a gatheringplace for artists,philosophers,and poets. wantedto awepeople withtheir Michelangeloonce lived for a time in the Medici household,where p o w e ar n da l s oh a v ea p l a c eo f he mingledwith otherartists. safety, sothisbuilding wasmade to looklikea fortress or castle. Over time, the work producedby Florentinesinspiredstill more creativeactivity. Peoplelearnedfrom one another,and they sometimes competedto produceeven greaterwork. Florentineswere also influencedby ideasfrom other places.The city drew travelersfiom many parts of the world. Somecameto do business.Somecame to study art 324 Chapter29 Ad Eng Youhave fereinfluen' Renarssanc o'd old their to t affacted Architect I Dunngthe p' blownas homesabov' arounda Pri statt contain PublicsJ byhumanis istsvalued; designed Pu couldintere yetwelcom inspired,ro joinbuildir Advanc, kindsof ar, instance,o architectur wasthe gr( SantaMar buildingtt 1296,but t for the dot know how took a ReI Brunel aboutthe designedr with Florence'smasterartists.Otherscameto learn at the city's schools and libraries.Thesevisitors brought new ideas,goods,and technologies usedno it archesme of iron, u that enlivenedthe city. place.Bn Florentineswere also inspiredby the freedomof ideasthat was at the core of humanism.Recall that humanistsprized the individual and tried to look with fresh eyesat natureand human society.You'll seethe materials building influenceof humanismthroughoutthis chapteras you study examples of Renaissanceadvances. 300 feet its top yc The n 29.3 Advances in Architecture and Engineering t :I. amed rere. 1o ptor .swer ast 'ided cityer made 3rce. trading ; lived bya rcquired lustry: :lce wealth I could rd Their :tS. where tl more sornetirnes so influe6 manY o studYatt iw's schools tectrnoloFes al. hatwas anf [vidual be fou'il s@ ty exaoPld You have learnedthat the humanistscholarsof the Renaissance were influencedby classicalideas.So too were architectsand builders. architectsstudiedGreek and Roman ruins, and they modRenaissance eled their own buildings on what they learned.They were particularly attractedto roundedarches,straightcolumns,and domed roofs. Architectsalso addedtheir own ideasto classicalbuilding styles. wealthy families built private townhouses During the Renaissance, known aspalazzi (palaces).Many had shopson the ground floor and Thedomeof theDuomo di Santa MariadelFiorerisesfromtheoctagonal(eightsided)cathedral. lts designis oneof thegreatengineering of theRenaissance. achievements homesabove.Most palazziwere built arounda private courtyard,which might containstatuesand other works of art. Public spaceswere often influenced by humanistideals.For example,humanistsvaluedgood citizenship.Architects designedpublic buildings where citizens couldinteractin settingsthat were grand yet welcoming.They usedRomaninspired,roofed porchescalled loggia to join buildings and createoutdoor plazas. Advancesin engineeringmade new kindsof architecturepossible.For instance. one of lhe most impressive architectural featsof the Renaissance wasthe greatcathedral,the Duomo di SantaMaria del Fiore. Florentinesstarted buildingthis eight-sidedcathedralin 1296,but they had to leave an opening forthedome.At the time. thev didn't knowhow to build a large enoughdome that would not collapse.It l tttoka Renaissance architect,Filippo Brunelleschi,to solve the problem. Brunelleschihad studiedancientruins in Rome. He had also learned the mathematicsinvolved in creatinebuildines.The dome he and built for the cathedraltook true engineeringgenius.It no internalsupportbeamsor columns.Instead,eight huge stone met at the top of the dome and leanedagainsteach other.Hoops wood, and brick wrappedaroundthe arches,keepingthem in . Brunelleschiinventedmachinescalled hoists to raisebuildins and food to workers at the top of the dome as they were it. deviceused hoist a mechanical to lift peopleor heavyobjects magnificent dome was finishedin 1436.It stoodmore than abovethe city. It still standstoday,over 500 yearslater.From youcan seemost of the city of Florence. Florence:The Cradle of the Renaissance 325 29.4 Advances in Painting WealthypatronsmadeRenaissance Florencea thrivins art. The Medicis spenthuge sums of money on fine palaces. and statues.The PalazzoMedici was filled with works of art t commissionedby the family. Patronslike the Medicis createdopportunities for talented who made a number of advancesin style and technique.As you painterswere influencedby the in the last chapter,Renaissance interestin classicalculture and the spreadof humanism.They to depict real peoplewho were posedin lifelike ways and who feelings. They also wanredto include realisticbackgrounds. ; The result was a very different style from the more flat, rigid painting of the Middle Ages. ,;' ' One key advancemadeby : painterswas the Renaissance discoveryof perspective.Painters use perspectiveto createthe appearanceof depth on a flat painterswerethe first Renaissance to usetechniques of perspective. Thisis Botticelh'sAdorationof the Magi.Noticethe senseof distance, or depth,in the painting. L*eP^ iS interest fto &g uP lrrtPleanr For the prs rnade ( wasverl oewstatu( i bumanist Donate morelifel i examPle of David' painter'w possible.. is thought Donat Michelan andhis st surface.Renaissance artistsused severaltechniquesto indicate depth.One was the size of objects.The smaller a painted poetand prefened bringhis object, the farther away it appears to be. The larger an object,the majestic world'sr closer it appearsto be. Painters also learnedthat a feeling of depth could be createdby lines that camecloser togetheras they recededinto the distance.They discoveredthat careful shadingcould make figures and objectslook three-dimensional. Adoration oJ the Magi, a famous Carvedi David st famedar reflectsI painting by SandroBotticelli, showssome of thesetechniques. Michr sionsho of a real Scienceand mathematicshelpedartistsmake other advances.The Florentineartist Masacciousedgeometryto figure out how to divide the spacein a painting to make scenesappearmore as they would in Mict in the P real life. Leonardoda Vinci and othersstudiedanatomy.They observed bodiesand how they moved. Their studieshelpedthem to portray the the priz geniusi humanbody more realistically. front of Micl Renaissance sciencealso gave paintersnew materials,such as oilbasedpaints,to work with. Oil paint was made by mixing powdered pigments(colors) with linseedoil. This type of paint was thicker and int-luenr dried more slowly than the older, egg-basedpaint. Oil paint also how fo have br allowed artiststo paint over previouswork and to show detailsand texturein new ways. 326 Chapter29 A was onl "What Michel 29.5 Advances in $culpture rof ntings' rt were ainters' u leamed : IefleWed wanted ) showed ed to ruodS. fferent , rigid \ges. rde bY as the 'e. Painters te the raflat rtists used ndicate re of painted ry it aPPears bject, the :. Painters ding of dePth recededinto rakefigures ', a farnous lues. 'ances. The w to divide v wodd in It oUtervd "Y tbe r PortraY suchasoil' :#f* dnt also i5".' detarls Like painters,Renaissance sculptorswere influencedby the humanist interestin realism.They were also inspiredby ancientRoman statues dug up from ruins. Sculptorsbegancarving figures that looked like real peopleand showedemotions. For the first time sincethe days of ancientGreeceand Rome, sculptors made freestandingstatuesthat could be viewed in the round. This was very diff-erentfiom the relief sculpturesof medievaltimes.The new statuescausedquite a sensation.They seemedto symbolize the \ humanistidealsof independenceand individuality. Donatello,a Florentine,was one of the first sculptorsto use the new, more lifelike style. His work expressedpersonalityand mood. A good exampleis his statueof David, the young warior in the Bible story of David and Goliath. In the 1500s,Giorgio Vasari,an architectand painter,wrote that Donatello'sDavid is "so natural...itis almostimbelieveit was not moldedon the living form." This statue possible...to y i c h e l a n g e sl oi t s M o s e s( a b o v e ) b M is thoughtto be the first life-size nude statuesinceclassicaltimes. a 1t h e t 0 m i ro f P o p eJ u l i u sl l i n R o m e . Donatello'swork influencedFlorence'sother great sculptor, Michelangelo.This famousartist is renownedboth for his painting M i c h e l a n g e l oD' sa v i di s p e r h a p tsh e m o s ta d m i r e ds c u l p t u r ien t h e w o r l d . andhis sculpture.He was also a talented poetand architect.Of all thesearts,he preferredsculpturebecauseit seemedto bringhis subjectsto life. Michelangelocreatedhis own majesticstatueof David. It may be the world'smost widely admiredsculpture. Carvedin white marble,Michelangelo's Dcvidstandsabout 17 feet tall. It is famedas an ideal of male beauty,yet it reflectshumanistideas.David's expressionshowsthe concentrationand tension ofa realyouth on the vergeof battle. Michelangelo's David was installed , ln thePiazzadella Signoria,the plaza in &ontof the PalazzoVecchio.It became Prizedexpressionof Renaissance in Florence. ngelohad an enonnous on otherartists.Giorgio Vasari of his followers.He wrote. a happyagewe live in! And areour craftsmen.who given lighr and vision by @= 29.6 Advances in Literature Literature,like other Renaissance art forms, was changedfy rebirth of interestin classicalideasand the rise of humanism. the Italian Renaissance, the topics that peoplewrote aboutc to earthlylife secular relating ratherthanto religion or spiritual matters So did their style of writing and the languagein which they In medievaltimes, literatureusually dealt with religioustopi writers used a formal, impersonalstyle. Most Italian writers w Latin. Their work could be read only by a few highly educated In contrast,Renaissance writers were interestedin individual ienceand in the world aroundthem. Writing about secular, or religious,topics becamemore common.Writers useda more indi style, and they expressedthoughtsand feelingsabout life. By the the Renaissance, most writers were writing in their own dialecti of Latin. As a result,far more peoplecould read their work. Dante. a Renaissance writerin Florence, wrotea longpoemcalled TheDivineComedy. Danteis painted herewithscenesof heaven andhell a sd e s c r i b ei ndh i sp o e m . Dante Alighieri, a native of Florence, was the first well-known writeq to createliteraturein his native languagb.His best-knownwork, The ): Ditine Comedy,was written in the early 1300s.This long poem describes Dante'simaginaryjourney through the placeswhere Christiansbelieved that soulswent in the afterlife.With the spirit of the ancientRoman poet Virgil as his guide, Dante witnessesthe tormentsof soulscondemned to Inferno, or hell. Virgil also takes him to Purgatory,a place betweenheavenand hell where soulsawait entry into heaven. Then a beautifulwoman named Beatriceshowshim Paradise.or heaven. Like other humanist art, The Divine Contedyhighlights strong emotionsand the experiencesof individuals. Dante'spoemis a social commentary,too. It is filled with real people.The inhabitants of hell includedpeopleDante disapprovedof. Peoplehe admired appearedin heaven. Dante'swork becamea model for other Renaissancewriters. He strongly influencedtwo important Florentinewriters, Petrarchand 'fhey Boccaccio. describedpeople's lives with a new intensityof feeling. Like Dante,they wrote using the local dialect. so their words touchedmany more people. 328 Chapter29 7N the Rer others; : Beforer wot aa$ral $ thehun questiorun€ ingthe wot oldbooksz experirnent nathemati< changedth Oneof wasLeona scientisla tersin Flot saidthat hr sketchingi Leonar' acceptany self.In his anamazin etry,engin He studiec of blood a aboutthe wasthe fi. eyeview I he designt machines. an underv Other madebrei solvedco was intert work in p Galilei di ity. He pt object fal sameheil the first t telescope By emph Renaissa 29.7 Advances in Science and Mathematics The Renaissance was not just a time of progressin the arts.Scholars Leonardo many da Vincistudied and othersalso madegreatadvancesin scienceand mathematics. things,including humananatomy. Beforethe Renaissance, most of what peoplebelievedaboutthe Thesesketches of the muscles of naturalworld was basedon ideasin ancientGreekand Romantexts. As the humanistspirit took hold. peoplestarted questioningold ideas.They begancarefully observS ing the world around them. Insteadof relying on old books and theories,scientistsbeganto perfonn They analyzedthe resultsusing experirnents. mathematicsand logic. This approachto research changedthe studyof science. al of the armarefromhisnotebooks. #"-,:ai ,,,;**i ,r..-, il\ l" lt .tlti thinkers One of the most creativeRenaissance wasLeonardoda Vinci. Leonardowas an artist. a d ter bes rved scientist,and an inventor.He studiedunder art mastersin Florenceand did his early work there.It is saidthat he was often to be found thinking and Leonardowas endlesslycurious.He did not acceptanythingas tme until he had proved it himself.In his notebooks,he sketchedand wrote about anamazingvariety of topics. He wrote about geom- d or 'xe )ng of I ftlled rnts r dts'ed ,"&t i. llo )fu[t rd #, iv{ 0s:' f,S'i;d$ sketchingat his favorite church,Orsanmichele. etry.engineering. sound,motion.and architecture. He studiedanatomy,including the circulation of bloodand the workings of the eye. He learned aboutthe effectsof the moon on Earth's tides. He wasthe first personto draw mapsfrom a bird'Seyeview (abovethe ground).As an inventor, hedesignedbridges,weapons,and many other machines. Among his many farsightedideaswas anunderwaterdivine suit. , .i ,; OtherItalian scientistsand mathematicians madebreakthroughsas well. Girolamo Cardano tolvedcomplexequationsin algebra.Cardano,who xrasinterested in gambling,also did pioneering m probability,the scienceof chance.Galileo did importantexperimentsconcerninggravprovedthat a heavierobject and a lighter fall at the samerate. If the two objects are dropped from the they reachthe ground at the sametime. Galileo also built telescope that could be useclto look into space.He usedhis to discoversunspotsand the moons of the planet Jupiter. observationand experiment,Galileo and other scientistspaved the way for modern science of circulation themovement thebody bloodthrough Florence:The Cradleof the Renaissance 329 . *1 29.A Florentine Politics The local governmentof Florencewas housedin the palazzo Vecchio.Like other Italian city-states,Florencewas ruled by a ing board.As you learnedin Chapter28, however,theseboards Florins werethemostvaluable c o i n si n a l lo f E u r o pdeu r i n tgh e R e n a i snscae . 9l often controlledby rich families. The powerful Medici family trolled Florence for nearly three centuries. As Yo wi csnrcr Irt's cor partof tf The e The Medicis maintainedtheir power in a number of ways.They built palacesand kept a strongmilitary. They were involved in all aspectsof life in the city. They were great supportersof artists, and musicians.The Medicis also defeatedenemieswho plotted the family or even to murder someof its members. flexible' nakjng' kindsof mightal grunde One of the most powerful membersof the Medicis was Lorenzo Magnificent.A leadingpatron of art and scholarship,Lorenzo ruled Florencefor more than 20 years,from 1469 until his deathin 1492. Two yearslater, a revolution forced the Medicis into temporaryexile. In 1512,the family regainedpower. A Florentinestatesmanand historian,Niccolo Machiavelli, watched thesestrugglesfbr power. During the Medicis' exile, he reorganizedthe city's defenses.He also servedas a diplomat and spenttime observing the actionsof other Italian rulers. Machiavelli drew on his experiencesin a famous book called The Prince. The book was a fiank accountof how politics and governmentreally worked. Machiavelli advisedrulers to make their statesstrongby doing what worked best,rather than by being good or moral. He said that they shouldeven lie if it helpedthem to rule. In his view, the end, or purpose,justified the means(the actionstakento achievea certain purpose).Rulers,he wrote, should belonge TheI Renaiss industrY s0fled r Overtit hub.Th familiet thantht andkin The At the bought bread, crowdt theret, The center andw, orderl' Th in Eur their t be feared rather than loved. The Prince seemsto contradict humanistideals about people's goodness.Its cold realism shock- 29.' ed many readers.Yet in other ways the book showsthe influenceof TheProcesston of the Magi is a humanistideas.It was the product of one individual's careful obserfrescofromoneof theMedicifamilv's vation and thinking. It was concernedwith how things really worked p a l a c ei sn F l o r e n c e . in the world. It also separatedideasabout governmentfrom religion. In this respect,The Prince was a very modernwork. artistl also I and c 330 Chapter 29 Iq advar In from the F 29.9 Florentine Commerce and Trade As you have learned,orle reasonthat Florencebecamea cultural centerwas the wealth that trade and commercebrought to the city. Let's concludeour visit to RenaissanceFlorencewith a look at this part of the city's life. )rs, nst the The economyof Florencewas unusually flexible. Its first greatindustrywas woolen-cloth making, but peopleoften worked in several kinds of business.The owner of a cloth factory might also deal in banking and real estate.A grain dealermight also be a lawyer.Peopleoften belongedto severalof Florence'sguilds at once. '' The shift to a money economyduring the helpedcreatea thriving banking Renaissance industryin Florence.The Medicis, for example, tched ed the startedout as merchantsand moneylenders. Over time. FlorencebecameEurope'sbanking hub.The Medicis becameone of the wealthiest I 1Ie. rving experlled r frank I govchia;what i being 't they Ithem d, or ns (the cernin :, should familiesin ltaly, and Florencebecamericher thanthe largestkingdomsin Europe.Popes andkings borrowedmoney from its 80 banks. There were two market centers in the city. At the Mercato Vecchio(Old Market), people boughteverydayitems like vegetables,fruits, bread"fish. meat. medicine.and shoes.The MercatoVecchiowas crowded,noisy,and smelly.Still, peoplefrom all over Europecame thereto buy and sell goods. The Mercato Nuovo (New Market) was built in the mid 1500sas a centerfor the cloth and banking industries.City officials bannedfood andweaponsfrom this new market.They wantedit to be clean and orderlyas a sign that cornmercewas highly regardedin Florence. Florence's MercatoNuovo(New andnicer wasmuchcleaner Market) Vecchio thanthecity'sMercato {0ld TheMercatoNuovorepre' Market). Florence's highstatusin sented Europe as a centerof commerce. The Mercato Nuovo becameone of the largestfinancial marketplaces in Europe.People traveled from far and wide to get loans or to convert theirmoneyinto florins, which could be usedanywherein Europe. 1. ongadtct lPle's r shock theru8f mca'}i!i', ,Ot*X Florence:The Cradle of the Renaissance 331