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CHAPTER 2 • SECTION 3
Spain’s American Empire 1700
NO R TH
AMERICA
AT L A N T I C
OCEAN
More About . . .
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The Taino
WEST
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15°N
CENTRAL
AMERICA
The first native peoples Columbus
encountered were the Taino, a subgroup
of the Arawak Indians who still inhabit the
Caribbean. The Taino on the islands were
a peaceful people with a highly developed
culture. In describing them, Columbus wrote
that there were “in all the world no better
people.”
For all his admiration, however, Columbus
immediately captured and enslaved Tainos
to serve the Spaniards and mine for gold.
On the island of Hispaniola, governed by
Columbus and his family, Tainos who did
not supply the required amount of gold
were punished. Brutal treatment, combined
with disease, warfare, and starvation,
led to the near extinction of the Taino
population. Within 50 years after Columbus’
arrival, the Taino, once the most numerous
native people of the Caribbean, had nearly
disappeared.
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Lima
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Viceroyalty of New Spain
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Viceroyalty of Peru
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500
1,000 miles
500 1,000 kilometers
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Connect Geography
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History
1. Location Which viceroyalty included the West Indies?
2. Draw Conclusions What advantage did Spain have by
dividing its empire into two provinces?
Aztec two-headed snake
move quickly from place to place.
Roads also improved the Spanish
economy because materials, such
as gold and silver, could be transported efficiently to the coast and
then to Spain.
The Spaniards made sure
that people with Spanish backgrounds held power in the colonies. Spanish-born colonists such
as Cortés made up the top layer
of colonial society. Just below the
Spanish were the Creoles—people
of Spanish descent who were born
in the colonies. The next step down
the social order were the mestizos. Mestizos are people of mixed
Spanish and Native American
ancestry. The people with the least
power and fewest rights were Native
Americans and enslaved Africans.
Making the Colonies Productive Spanish colonists received encomiendas
to help them make the colonies productive. An encomienda was a grant of
forced Native American labor. Hernando Cortés may have received more
than 22 encomiendas.
The Spanish rulers also created large estates, called haciendas, to provide
food for the colony. Haciendas usually became large farms where Native
Americans worked to grow cash crops, such as coffee and cotton. The encomienda and hacienda systems put much of the power and land in the hands
of a few people. The Spanish also forced Native Americans to work on
plantations, large farms that raised cash crops. These crops were usually
plantations
exported, or sent to Europe. The most important crop was sugar.
Although sugar was in great demand in Europe, there was not much land
there to grow it. The demand led to the development of sugar plantations
in the Americas. On his second voyage to the Americas, in 1493, Columbus
brought sugar cane to Hispaniola, one of the Caribbean islands he had
Spain’s American Empire 1700
Connect Geography
History
COMPARE AND CONTRAST Which
viceroyalty was more accessible to Spain?
Support your answer. (New Spain, because it
had coastlines on the Atlantic Ocean)
ANSWERS
1. Location New Spain
2. Draw Conclusions It could keep closer
control of it because the territory was too
vast to be managed by just one viceroy.
42 Chapter 2
INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES
CONNECT
42 • Chapter 2
to Civics
CONNECT
to Science
Write Petitions
Archaeology Presentation
Have students work in pairs to write and
present petitions asking the Spanish king to
force Spanish colonists to stop abusing Native
Americans in the colonies. Before writing
their petitions, students should research other
petitions, such as the Petition of Right (1628),
to learn their structure and style. Students
should gather information from the text or from
additional research.
Have students work in teams to create brief
oral presentations on one of the following
archaeological projects:
• excavation of Taino sites throughout the
Caribbean
• excavation in the Dominican Republic of La
Isabela and nearby settlements founded by
Columbus in 1493
Students’ presentations should describe the
methods that archaeologists use and include
visual aids, such as maps or photos.
CHAPTER 2 • SECTION 3
landed on in 1492. He found ideal conditions for sugar production. Spanish
planters expanded operations to the nearby islands that Spain colonized.
Sugar plantations required many workers, so the Spanish planters turned
to native peoples, such as the Taino. Through encomiendas, the Spaniards
forced thousands of Taino to work in the fields. The plantations thrived, but
many of the Taino suffered and died.
SUMMARIZE Explain how the Spanish got wealthy from their new lands.
The Church In the Spanish Colonies
KEY QUESTION How did the Church contribute to colonization?
The Spanish monarchs did not intend for the conquistadores to destroy the
native populations of the Americas. In fact, the Spanish crown wanted Native
Americans to become tax-paying subjects and adopt Spanish culture. The
Catholic Church played an important role in this process.
Teach
Answer: Spanish were
top of social structure;
built roads that made
transportation of soldiers
easier and facilitated
trade; raised cash crops
using forced labor
The Church Sets Up Missions The Spanish church leaders were key players
in Spanish colonial society. In places like New Mexico and California, the
missions, settlements that included a church, a town, and
Church built missions
farmlands. The goal of the missions was to convert Native Americans to
Christianity. The missions also increased Spanish control over the land.
Missions helped the Native Americans to create a better supply of food.
They also offered Native Americans protection against enemies. Many Native
Americans learned how to read and write in the missions. Others developed
skills such as carpentry and metalworking.
Over time, however, many Native Americans grew increasingly unhappy.
The missionaries often worked them as if they were slaves. The missionaries
also tried to replace Native American religions and traditions. As a result,
some Native Americans ran away, while others rebelled. Some destroyed
churches and killed missionaries.
• What caused conflict between the Church
and Native Americans? (Possible Answer:
Missionaries worked Native Americans as
if they were slaves and tried to make them
renounce their religions and traditions.)
More About . . .
Spanish Missions
Conquistador armor
European Exploration of the Americas 43
DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION
English Learners
Inclusion
Language: Conversational
Patterns
Mission Life Pros and Cons
Students may find Fray Toribio de
Benavente’s quote describing the
Spaniards difficult to understand. Read
the quote aloud, then help students
rephrase it in more accessible English.
For example, rephrase “do nothing but
command” as “only give orders.” Give
students time to look up words they may
not know, such as drone.
Think, Pair, Share
• Main Idea and Details How did the
Church help Native Americans? (taught them
how to farm, offered protection against
enemies, taught them to read and write and do
Las Casas Condemns Abuse Most Spaniards treated the Native Americans
as little more than beasts of burden. Fray Toribio de Benavente, a Catholic
missionary, wrote that the Spanish “do nothing but command. They are the
drones who suck the honey which is made by the poor bees, the Indians.”
Not all Spaniards approved of this treatment. One man in particular fought for better treatment of Native Americans. His name was
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Casas. Las Casas had come to Hispaniola in 1502 and taken
part in the conquest of Cuba a decade later. For his part in the conquest, he
received an encomienda. Las Casas was also a Catholic priest, however, and
he soon faced a moral dilemma: How can a person serve God and enslave
Native Americans at the same time?
In 1514, Las Casas gave up his claim to the Native Americans who worked
for him. For the next 50 years, he fought for Native Americans, earning the
title “Protector of the Indians.”
Because of his efforts, the Spanish king issued the New Laws in 1542.
These laws ordered the gradual freeing of all enslaved Native Americans.
The Church In the Spanish
Colonies
Read aloud the information on missions
on this page. Then have students work
in pairs to list in two-column charts
the advantages and disadvantages
of mission life for Native Americans.
Encourage students to reread the
information carefully, stopping
when they come to an advantage or
disadvantage to write it down.
Although many Spanish missions in the
Americas were destroyed over the centuries,
some survived and are popular tourist
attractions. The oldest Spanish mission in
the United States is Nombre de Dios, built
in 1565 in St. Augustine, Florida. Starting
in the 1500s, Spanish priests established
missions throughout territory that is now
northern Mexico, California, and the
southwestern United States.
More About . . .
Bartolomé de Las Casas
The writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas
contributed to what became known as
the “Black Legend.” This legend depicted
the Spanish as cruel, greedy, and selfserving and the native peoples they
conquered as peace-loving and innocent.
The Black Legend gained strength around
Europe when the writings of de Las Casas
were widely published in French, Dutch,
and English translations. Between his
descriptions of the maltreatment of Indians
by the Spanish and the condemnation of his
own people, de Las Casas influenced the
way many Europeans viewed Spain’s role in
the colonization of the Americas.
Unit 1 Resource Book
• Primary and Secondary Sources,
pp. 102–103
Teacher’s Edition • 43