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CHAPTER 2 • SECTION 3 Spain’s American Empire 1700 NO R TH AMERICA AT L A N T I C OCEAN More About . . . 30°N C Tropic of The Taino WEST Mexico City IES 15°N CENTRAL AMERICA The first native peoples Columbus encountered were the Taino, a subgroup of the Arawak Indians who still inhabit the Caribbean. The Taino on the islands were a peaceful people with a highly developed culture. In describing them, Columbus wrote that there were “in all the world no better people.” For all his admiration, however, Columbus immediately captured and enslaved Tainos to serve the Spaniards and mine for gold. On the island of Hispaniola, governed by Columbus and his family, Tainos who did not supply the required amount of gold were punished. Brutal treatment, combined with disease, warfare, and starvation, led to the near extinction of the Taino population. Within 50 years after Columbus’ arrival, the Taino, once the most numerous native people of the Caribbean, had nearly disappeared. IND ancer PAC I F I C OCEAN Equator 0° N E W SO UTH AMERICA Lima S Tropic of Capricorn Viceroyalty of New Spain 30°S Viceroyalty of Peru 0 0 500 1,000 miles 500 1,000 kilometers 45°S 105°W 90°W Connect Geography 60°W 45°W 30°W History 1. Location Which viceroyalty included the West Indies? 2. Draw Conclusions What advantage did Spain have by dividing its empire into two provinces? Aztec two-headed snake move quickly from place to place. Roads also improved the Spanish economy because materials, such as gold and silver, could be transported efficiently to the coast and then to Spain. The Spaniards made sure that people with Spanish backgrounds held power in the colonies. Spanish-born colonists such as Cortés made up the top layer of colonial society. Just below the Spanish were the Creoles—people of Spanish descent who were born in the colonies. The next step down the social order were the mestizos. Mestizos are people of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry. The people with the least power and fewest rights were Native Americans and enslaved Africans. Making the Colonies Productive Spanish colonists received encomiendas to help them make the colonies productive. An encomienda was a grant of forced Native American labor. Hernando Cortés may have received more than 22 encomiendas. The Spanish rulers also created large estates, called haciendas, to provide food for the colony. Haciendas usually became large farms where Native Americans worked to grow cash crops, such as coffee and cotton. The encomienda and hacienda systems put much of the power and land in the hands of a few people. The Spanish also forced Native Americans to work on plantations, large farms that raised cash crops. These crops were usually plantations exported, or sent to Europe. The most important crop was sugar. Although sugar was in great demand in Europe, there was not much land there to grow it. The demand led to the development of sugar plantations in the Americas. On his second voyage to the Americas, in 1493, Columbus brought sugar cane to Hispaniola, one of the Caribbean islands he had Spain’s American Empire 1700 Connect Geography History COMPARE AND CONTRAST Which viceroyalty was more accessible to Spain? Support your answer. (New Spain, because it had coastlines on the Atlantic Ocean) ANSWERS 1. Location New Spain 2. Draw Conclusions It could keep closer control of it because the territory was too vast to be managed by just one viceroy. 42 Chapter 2 INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES CONNECT 42 • Chapter 2 to Civics CONNECT to Science Write Petitions Archaeology Presentation Have students work in pairs to write and present petitions asking the Spanish king to force Spanish colonists to stop abusing Native Americans in the colonies. Before writing their petitions, students should research other petitions, such as the Petition of Right (1628), to learn their structure and style. Students should gather information from the text or from additional research. Have students work in teams to create brief oral presentations on one of the following archaeological projects: • excavation of Taino sites throughout the Caribbean • excavation in the Dominican Republic of La Isabela and nearby settlements founded by Columbus in 1493 Students’ presentations should describe the methods that archaeologists use and include visual aids, such as maps or photos. CHAPTER 2 • SECTION 3 landed on in 1492. He found ideal conditions for sugar production. Spanish planters expanded operations to the nearby islands that Spain colonized. Sugar plantations required many workers, so the Spanish planters turned to native peoples, such as the Taino. Through encomiendas, the Spaniards forced thousands of Taino to work in the fields. The plantations thrived, but many of the Taino suffered and died. SUMMARIZE Explain how the Spanish got wealthy from their new lands. The Church In the Spanish Colonies KEY QUESTION How did the Church contribute to colonization? The Spanish monarchs did not intend for the conquistadores to destroy the native populations of the Americas. In fact, the Spanish crown wanted Native Americans to become tax-paying subjects and adopt Spanish culture. The Catholic Church played an important role in this process. Teach Answer: Spanish were top of social structure; built roads that made transportation of soldiers easier and facilitated trade; raised cash crops using forced labor The Church Sets Up Missions The Spanish church leaders were key players in Spanish colonial society. In places like New Mexico and California, the missions, settlements that included a church, a town, and Church built missions farmlands. The goal of the missions was to convert Native Americans to Christianity. The missions also increased Spanish control over the land. Missions helped the Native Americans to create a better supply of food. They also offered Native Americans protection against enemies. Many Native Americans learned how to read and write in the missions. Others developed skills such as carpentry and metalworking. Over time, however, many Native Americans grew increasingly unhappy. The missionaries often worked them as if they were slaves. The missionaries also tried to replace Native American religions and traditions. As a result, some Native Americans ran away, while others rebelled. Some destroyed churches and killed missionaries. • What caused conflict between the Church and Native Americans? (Possible Answer: Missionaries worked Native Americans as if they were slaves and tried to make them renounce their religions and traditions.) More About . . . Spanish Missions Conquistador armor European Exploration of the Americas 43 DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION English Learners Inclusion Language: Conversational Patterns Mission Life Pros and Cons Students may find Fray Toribio de Benavente’s quote describing the Spaniards difficult to understand. Read the quote aloud, then help students rephrase it in more accessible English. For example, rephrase “do nothing but command” as “only give orders.” Give students time to look up words they may not know, such as drone. Think, Pair, Share • Main Idea and Details How did the Church help Native Americans? (taught them how to farm, offered protection against enemies, taught them to read and write and do Las Casas Condemns Abuse Most Spaniards treated the Native Americans as little more than beasts of burden. Fray Toribio de Benavente, a Catholic missionary, wrote that the Spanish “do nothing but command. They are the drones who suck the honey which is made by the poor bees, the Indians.” Not all Spaniards approved of this treatment. One man in particular fought for better treatment of Native Americans. His name was Bartolomé de Las Casas Casas. Las Casas had come to Hispaniola in 1502 and taken part in the conquest of Cuba a decade later. For his part in the conquest, he received an encomienda. Las Casas was also a Catholic priest, however, and he soon faced a moral dilemma: How can a person serve God and enslave Native Americans at the same time? In 1514, Las Casas gave up his claim to the Native Americans who worked for him. For the next 50 years, he fought for Native Americans, earning the title “Protector of the Indians.” Because of his efforts, the Spanish king issued the New Laws in 1542. These laws ordered the gradual freeing of all enslaved Native Americans. The Church In the Spanish Colonies Read aloud the information on missions on this page. Then have students work in pairs to list in two-column charts the advantages and disadvantages of mission life for Native Americans. Encourage students to reread the information carefully, stopping when they come to an advantage or disadvantage to write it down. Although many Spanish missions in the Americas were destroyed over the centuries, some survived and are popular tourist attractions. The oldest Spanish mission in the United States is Nombre de Dios, built in 1565 in St. Augustine, Florida. Starting in the 1500s, Spanish priests established missions throughout territory that is now northern Mexico, California, and the southwestern United States. More About . . . Bartolomé de Las Casas The writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas contributed to what became known as the “Black Legend.” This legend depicted the Spanish as cruel, greedy, and selfserving and the native peoples they conquered as peace-loving and innocent. The Black Legend gained strength around Europe when the writings of de Las Casas were widely published in French, Dutch, and English translations. Between his descriptions of the maltreatment of Indians by the Spanish and the condemnation of his own people, de Las Casas influenced the way many Europeans viewed Spain’s role in the colonization of the Americas. Unit 1 Resource Book • Primary and Secondary Sources, pp. 102–103 Teacher’s Edition • 43