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Read p. 363 – 392 #13, 23, 26, 28, 29, 31, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 51 13. a, b, c 23. Stroke Volume = The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each contraction. Cardiac Cycle = One complete contraction & relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart. 26. Decrease in blood volume Response to Crisis Low Blood Pressure Exercise Hormones (Epinephrine or Thyroxine) 28. Tunica Intima (deepest layer) only – one cell thick. 29. The artery walls are thicker because the blood pressure is much greater there. 31. Pulmonary Artery is oxygen poor. Pulmonary vein is oxygen rich. Umbilical Vein (toward the heart) is oxygen rich. Umbilical Arteries carry CO2 & waste back to the placenta. 37. Systolic Pressure = The pressure generated by the left ventricle when it’s contracting. Diastolic Pressure = Blood pressure when the ventricles are relaxed. 38. Cardiac output is increased by: 1. Increasing heart rate 2. Increasing stroke volume (increase venous return) Peripheral resistance is increased by: 1. 2. Narrowing of blood vessels Increased blood volume 39. Blood pressure is normally highest when standing and lowest when lying down. Need to overcome changes in height when standing so you need higher blood pressure (pressure varies with depth). 41. Varicose Veins (p. 373) are veins whose valves have given way and the veins become twisted and dilated. They form when people have to stand for a long period of time and/or when people are obese or pregnant. These things cause the blood to pool in their legs or feet. 43. The smaller the area, the faster the blood has to flow through the blood vessel. 45. Hypertension = high blood pressure. Arteriosclerosis = hardening of artery walls. Arteriosclerosis often causes hypertension because the arteries don’t flex (expand and contract) when the ventricles contract. The regular expansion and contraction “absorbs” some of the pressure from the heart. Three lifestyle changes to prevent arteriosclerosis would include: 1. reducing emotional stress 2. stopping smoking 3. avoiding obesity 4. avoiding high-fat, and high-cholesterol diets 5. getting exercise 46. When having a myocardial infarction (heart attack), some of the heart is deprived of blood (and oxygen). This causes that part of the heart to die – which causes pain. If the left ventricle was the part that is failing, blood is getting pumped to the lungs (by the right ventricle) but the left ventricle isn’t pumping that blood to the rest of the body. The result is a build-up of blood in the lungs giving pulmonary edema. Her skin is pale and cold because the left ventricle isn’t pumping out enough blood so the warm blood isn’t moving throughout the body and the blood that is pumped has all the oxygen used up so she looks pale. 51. When exercising, much of the blood is diverted to skeletal muscles to keep up with their need for energy. This takes some of the blood away from the digestive tract which may cause cramping.