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The Beating Heart - The rate and strength of a heartbeat is under control of the nervous system. - The SA (sinoatrial) node stimulates muscle cells to contract and relax. (involuntary and rhythmical) o Known as the pacemaker because it controls the heart rate. o Can get a manmade pacemaker when this natural SA node breaks down and cannot function properly. o Located in the wall of the right atrium. o Sends a signal to the 2 atria, which then contracts simultaneously. - As the 2 atria contract, the signal reaches the AV (atrioventricular) node. o The signal then goes through the “bundle of His” and then “Purkinje fibres” which then initiate the contraction of the right and left ventricles. - The signal that is sent can be measured using an ECG (electrocardiogram) (measuring the electrical activity of the heart as it contracts and relaxes). Figure 8.8 page 275 Note: the closing of the AV valves during ventricle contraction produces the “lub” sounds, and the closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation causes the “dub” sounds of the heartbeat. Blood Pressure - When the blood passes through the vessels, it exerts pressure against the vessel walls. o When ventricles contract and force blood into the pulmonary arteries and the aorta, the pressure increases. o Systolic Pressure: the max. pressure during the ventricular contraction. (top part of the fraction) o Diastolic Pressure: the lowest pressure before the ventricles contract. (bottom part of the fraction) o Pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmhg). o Presented in a fraction: Systolic over Diastolic. A normal reading is near 120mmHg/80mmHg. Homework Questions pages 272 – 275 #’s 9 -11 Pathways of the Circulatory System - 3 different pathways to carry blood: o Pulmonary pathway: transports oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. o Systemic pathway: transports oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body tissues. o Coronary pathway: provides blood, matter and energy to the cardiac muscle tissue. Cardiovascular Disorders and Treatments - Risk factors of cardiovascular disease: o Smoking o Obesity o Insufficient exercise - Disease can be reduced or eliminated by lifestyle changes, medications and/or surgery. - Arteriosclerosis occurs when the walls of the arteries thicken (by several different factors) and lose some of their elastic properties becoming harder, thus blood flow is decreased and blood pressure is increased. Treatments: (Page 279 – list and explain) Assignment: P. 277 #’s 12-13 Page 281 # 3, 4 , 7