* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ch16 Summary
History of invasive and interventional cardiology wikipedia , lookup
Cardiovascular disease wikipedia , lookup
Heart failure wikipedia , lookup
Electrocardiography wikipedia , lookup
Quantium Medical Cardiac Output wikipedia , lookup
Antihypertensive drug wikipedia , lookup
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy wikipedia , lookup
Management of acute coronary syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Aortic stenosis wikipedia , lookup
Artificial heart valve wikipedia , lookup
Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease wikipedia , lookup
Cardiac surgery wikipedia , lookup
Coronary artery disease wikipedia , lookup
Myocardial infarction wikipedia , lookup
Atrial septal defect wikipedia , lookup
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia wikipedia , lookup
Mitral insufficiency wikipedia , lookup
Lutembacher's syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries wikipedia , lookup
Ch16 Summary The uppermost portion of the heart is known as the base. The base of the heart contains the left and right atria, the aorta, the pulmonary arteries, and the superior and inferior vena cavae. The apex is the lower portion of the heart and contains the ventricles. The pericardium is the sac that covers the heart. The parietal layer lies close to the fibrous tissues, and the visceral layer lies against the heart. There are two atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) and two semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic). The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The aortic valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta, whereas the pulmonic valve lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The coronary arteries supply blood to the myocardium. The left main coronary artery branches into the left circumflex and left anterior descending coronary arteries. The left circumflex artery supplies blood to the left atrium and portions of the left ventricle. The left anterior descending artery supplies blood to the anterior wall, a portion of the left ventricle, and the interventricular septum. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, right ventricle, and inferior wall of the left ventricle. The cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole. During systole, the ventricles contract and force blood to either the pulmonary or the systemic vasculature. The ventricles fill during diastole. Atrial kick occurs during the final phase of diastole, when the atria contract and force the remaining blood volume into the ventricles. The electrocardiogram records the electrical activity of the heart. The S-A node is the normal pacemaker of the heart; it initiates impulses at the rate of 60 to 100 per minute. The A-V node is the back-up pacemaker of the heart; it initiates impulses if the S-A node fails to deliver an impulse. Normally, the cardiac impulse initiates in the S-A node, which travels to the A-V node, down the right and left bundle branches, and to the Purkinje fibers. Common chief complaints of the cardiovascular system include chest pain, syncope, palpitations, peripheral edema, and claudication. Common medications that individuals with cardiovascular disease may take include antianginals, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, antilipemics, diuretics, inotropics, and thrombolytics. It is important to assess for these common chief complaints and to determine whether the patient is using any of these medications. The American Heart Association recommends the heart smart diet for most Americans. The guidelines for the heart smart diet include a total fat intake of <30% (<10% from saturated fat, <10% from polyunsaturated fat, 10% to 15% from monounsaturated fat); total carbohydrate intake of 55% to 60%; total protein intake of 10% to 15%; total cholesterol intake of <300 mg/day; and total sodium intake of <2400 mg/day. Assessment of the heart includes inspection and palpation of the aortic, pulmonic, midprecordial, tricuspid, and mitral areas. You will assess for the presence of pulsations, thrills, or heaves. Auscultate each area for heart sounds and for the presence of a murmur or a gallop. Copyright © 2010 by Delmar/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.