Download 13. a, b, c 23. Stroke Volume = The volume of blood pumped out of a

Read p. 363 – 392
#13, 23, 26, 28, 29, 31, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 51
13. a, b, c
23. Stroke Volume = The volume of blood pumped out of a
ventricle with each contraction.
Cardiac Cycle = One complete contraction & relaxation of
the atria and ventricles of the heart.
26. Decrease in blood volume
Response to Crisis
Low Blood Pressure
Exercise
Hormones (Epinephrine or Thyroxine)
28. Tunica Intima (deepest layer) only – one cell thick.
29. The artery walls are thicker because the blood pressure is
much greater there.
31. Pulmonary Artery is oxygen poor. Pulmonary vein is
oxygen rich.
Umbilical Vein (toward the heart) is oxygen rich.
Umbilical Arteries carry CO2 & waste back to the
placenta.
37. Systolic Pressure = The pressure generated by the left
ventricle when it’s contracting.
Diastolic Pressure = Blood pressure when the ventricles
are relaxed.
38. Cardiac output is increased by:
1. Increasing heart rate
2. Increasing stroke volume (increase venous
return)
Peripheral resistance is increased by:
1.
2.
Narrowing of blood vessels
Increased blood volume
39. Blood pressure is normally highest when standing and
lowest when lying down. Need to overcome changes in
height when standing so you need higher blood pressure
(pressure varies with depth).
41. Varicose Veins (p. 373) are veins whose valves have given
way and the veins become twisted and dilated.
They form when people have to stand for a long period of
time and/or when people are obese or pregnant. These
things cause the blood to pool in their legs or feet.
43. The smaller the area, the faster the blood has to flow
through the blood vessel.
45. Hypertension = high blood pressure.
Arteriosclerosis = hardening of artery walls.
Arteriosclerosis often causes hypertension because the
arteries don’t flex (expand and contract) when the ventricles
contract. The regular expansion and contraction “absorbs”
some of the pressure from the heart.
Three lifestyle changes to prevent arteriosclerosis would
include:
1. reducing emotional stress
2. stopping smoking
3. avoiding obesity
4. avoiding high-fat, and high-cholesterol diets
5. getting exercise
46. When having a myocardial infarction (heart attack), some
of the heart is deprived of blood (and oxygen). This causes
that part of the heart to die – which causes pain.
If the left ventricle was the part that is failing, blood is
getting pumped to the lungs (by the right ventricle) but the
left ventricle isn’t pumping that blood to the rest of the
body. The result is a build-up of blood in the lungs giving
pulmonary edema.
Her skin is pale and cold because the left ventricle isn’t
pumping out enough blood so the warm blood isn’t moving
throughout the body and the blood that is pumped has all
the oxygen used up so she looks pale.
51. When exercising, much of the blood is diverted to skeletal
muscles to keep up with their need for energy. This takes
some of the blood away from the digestive tract which may
cause cramping.