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Academic Earth / Environmental Science Ms. Reathaford Unit Learning Objectives Students will understand that: 1. Effective collaboration within a small group is often necessary for a successful outcome 2. Mapping Earth is the basis for understanding global processes and environmental issues 3. Knowing and practicing safety expectations is critical to maintaining painless experience 4. The scientific method is the standard process for educational, societal and technological research Earth Science Earth Science is the study of Earth and space. Within Earth Science, there are major divisions: 1. Astronomy 2. Climatology and Meteorology 3. Geology 4. Oceanography 5. Environmental Science Environmental Science The systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it • Draws on many disciplines, skills and interests Integrates natural sciences and social sciences Integrates humanities in a broad, holistic study of the world around us • Persistent challenges to face, most of which we have created Pollution Population Growth Climate Change Biodiversity Loss • Improvement in many areas that benefit our planet Education Health Care Water Quality Energy alternatives What is the Scientific Method? A procedure used to scientists to test hypothesis by making predictions about the outcome of the experiment BEFORE it is performed is referred to as the scientific method. Experiment Factors: • Independent Variable: factor manipulated BY the experimenter • Dependent Variable: Changes due to the individual experiment • Constant: Variables do not change • Control: “Base Group” for the experiment Data: • Quantitative: can be ordered (weight, temperature) • Qualitative: different in types – NOT ordered (gender, species) Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Determine the problem 2. Make a Hypothesis 3. Experiment Independent Variable Dependent Variable Constant Control 4. Collect Data 5. Analyze the Results 6. Draw Conclusions 7. Repeat Measurement • Using measurements is common when conducting science experiments. • A measurement includes using both a number that identifies how many units there are and a unit of measure. • Most scientific studies and experiments use a standard system of units called Le Systeme International d’Unites (SI). • SI is the modern version of the metric system • Based on a decimal system that uses the number 10 as the base unit Measurement Conversions Prefix Symbol Meaning kilo k one thousand hecto h one hundred deka da ten (B)… m, L, g BASE UNIT deci d one tenth centi c one hundredth milli m one thousandth -- Length The standard SI Unit to measure length is the meter (m) • A meter is divided into 100 equal parts, called a centimeter (cm) • A centimeter is divided into 1000 equal parts, called a millimeter (mm) What does this all mean? 1m = 100cm = 1000 mm Weight and Mass WEIGHT • The measure of the gravitational force on an object. • Varies with location, based on gravitational force (ie… a person on the moon) • Measured with some type of scale MASS • The amount of matter in an object, dependent upon the number of atoms that make up the object. • Mass does not change with an object’s position. • Measured with triple beam balance Area and Volume AREA Area is the amount of surface included within a set of boundaries. • Area is expressed in square units of length, such as m2 or cm2 • Area is determined by multiplying length x width (l x w) VOLUME Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object. • m3 for a solid object • mL or L for fluid objects • 1mL = 1 cc = 1cm3 Density Density is the measure of the amount of matter that occupies a given space. • Density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), grams per milliliter (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3 • Calculate density by dividing the mass of the matter by its volume (m/v) Time & Temperature TIME The interval between two events is time • Time is typically measured with a watch or clock • Most precise measure of time comes from an atomic clock • The SI unit for time is the second (s) TEMPERATURE The measure of the average vibrations of the particles that make up a material is temperature • Particles that vibrate more quickly have a higher temperature • Particles that vibrate more slowly have a lower temperature • Measured in degrees, with a thermometer, and on a Celsius scale in Science MEMORY RECALL FORMULAS • Area = length x width • Density = mass/volume • Volume = length x width x height • C to K = C + 273.16 • K to C = K – 273.16 Scientific Notation Expresses number as a multiple of ten Example: 1250000000000 = 1.25 x 1012 It is expressed as a number between 1 and 10, multiplied by a power of 10 The power is the number of places the decimal moves A positive (+) moves the decimal to the left A negative (-) moves the decimal to the right Examples: 12500 = 1.25 x 104 .000125 = 1.25 x 10-4 Graphs • Used to show comparisons between data within your experiment. • Each graph must have: • • • • • 1. Title 2. Labeled Axis 3. Legend / Key 4. Must be completed in pencil 5. Must take up ample space on paper (consistent) Steps to Making a Graph 1. Determine the variables and label each axis • • 2. Independent variable goes on the x-axis (horizontal) Determine the scale of the graph • • 3. Determine the number value for each square on the graph Spread the graph out to take up the most equal amount of space Plot the data points • 4. Mark each data value with a dot Draw the graph • • 5. Dependent variable goes on the y-axis (vertical) Draw a line that best fits the data points If there is more than one line on the graph, you must include a key identifying each line Give the graph a descriptive title Latitude and Longitude Cartography is the science of mapmaking, where cartographers use an imaginary grid of parallel lines and vertical lines to locate exact points on Earth. On this grid, the equator (an imaginary parallel splitting the Earth in half at 0o) separates the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Mapping Points of Interest Latitude • Parallel lines that measure distances north and south of the equator, running east and west. Longitude • Lines that measure east and west of the Prime Meridian (0o), running north and south. • Each degree is about 111km on the Earth’s surface • Also referred to as meridians or great circles • To locate positions more exactly, degrees of latitude • The Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich, are broken into smaller units (minutes) • There are two points of latitude… the North Pole and the South Pole. • Latitude will have 90o north and south of the equator England (the home of the royal Naval Observatory). • Lines are NOT parallel, but are instead large semicircles that extend vertically from pole to pole • Longitude will have 180o east and west of the Prime Meridian. World Mapping: Points of Interest Latitude: • Equator (0o) • Tropics Zone (between 30oN and 30º S of the equator) • • • • Tropic of Cancer (23.5o N) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5o S) Arctic Circle (66.5o N) Antarctic Circle (66.5o S) Longitude: • Prime Meridian (0o) • International Date Line (180o) Where in the World? Throughout this course, you will need to know the geographical location of many different places, regions, landmasses, and bodies of water: • • • • • • World Continents Oceans Large bodies of water (Great Lakes, Rivers, Aquifers) in USA Mountain Ranges in the USA Land regions within the USA Prominent land and water features in North Carolina Remote Sensing • Until recently, mapmakers had to go on-site to collect data needed to make maps • Today, advanced technology has changed this – enabling data to be collected by satellites from far above the Earth’s surface • This process is referred to as remote sensing