Download Endocrine Ch 16-Fall 2016-PPT-Student

Hi everyone,
This endocrine system ppt has not been
modified for the new text. Tomorrow, I will
modify as we go through it.
Professor Brooks
The Endocrine System
I. The Endocrine System: An Overview
A. Overall Function =
B. CONTROL:
By altering __________
C. Uses Chemicals =
D. Endocrine Glands
E. Neuroendocrine Gland =
F. Other Organs that
Produce Hormones
G. Chemicals similar to
Hormones:
• Autocrines:
• Paracrines:
II. Hormones Charateristics
A. The Chemistry of Hormones
 Types
 Amino acid:
 Steroids:
 Eicosanoids:
 Example: Prostaglandins
 paracrines & autocrines
B. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
 Target cells: most affect
 1 or few Organ systems:
 Different targets:
 Typical Affects:
Text Page ____
 Receptor:
 Location
depends on:
Lipid Hormones
Non=Lipid Hormones
B. Mechanisms of Hormone Activity …
Two Main Mechanisms
1.
2.
Plasma Membrane Receptors:
a. Type Chemical:
- except:
b. Second Messenger (indirect):
Intracellular Receptors:
a. Type Chemical:
b. Intracellular Receptors (Direct Gene
Activaion):
hormone
receptor
lipid hormone
receptor
1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger
System
a. The Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism
 Hormone binds to:
 Receptor activates:
 Second messenger produced:
 cAMP activates:
 Cell Effects
 Hormone removal: Phosphodiesterase–
 Effectiveness:
 Hormones that act via cAMP:
Epinephrine
LH
TSH
ACTH
Glucagon
Calcitonin
FSH
PTH
1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems …
a. The Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism …
1
Hormone (1st messenger)
binds receptor.
Extracellular fluid
Receptor
Cytoplasm
Figure 16.2, step 1
1
Hormone (1st messenger)
binds receptor.
Receptor
Adenylate cyclase
Extracellular fluid
4
GDP
cAMP (2nd
messenger) is
produced.
Cytoplasm
Figure 16.2, step 4
1
Hormone (1st messenger)
binds receptor.
5
cAMP activates
protein kinases.
G protein (GS)
Receptor
Extracellular fluid
Adenylate cyclase
4
cAMP (2nd
messenger)is
produced.
GDP
Inactive
protein kinase
Active
protein
kinase
Which triggers responses
Cytoplasm
Figure 16.2, step 5
1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems …
b. There are others– The PIP2-Calcium Signaling
Mechanism
B. Mechanisms of Hormone Activity …
2. Intracellular Receptors and Direct Gene Activation
 Entrance of Hormone:
Lipid
Hormone
 H attaches to:
Receptor
 H-Receptor binds to:
 Activated Gene:
 Protein produced changes:
1
Steroid
hormone
Extracellular fluid
Plasma
membrane
1
Cytoplasm
Receptor
protein
Receptorhormone
complex
2
Nucleus
Receptor-hormone
enters nucleus.
Figure 16.3, step 2
Steroid
hormone
Extracellular fluid
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm
Receptor
protein
Nucleus
Receptorhormone
complex
Hormone
response
elements
DNA
3
binds to a specific
DNA sequence).
Figure 16.3, step 3
Steroid
hormone
Extracellular fluid
Plasma
membrane
1
Cytoplasm
Receptor
protein
Receptorhormone
complex
2
Nucleus
Hormone
response
elements
3
DNA
mRNA
4
transcription.
Figure 16.3, step 4
Steroid
hormone
Plasma
membrane
Extracellular fluid
1
Cytoplasm
Receptor
protein
Receptorhormone
complex
2
Nucleus
Hormone
response
elements
3
DNA
mRNA
4
5
New protein
protein synthesis.
 new protein
– an enzyme, structural
protein, a secretion, etc…
Figure 16.3, step 5
C. Target Cell Specificity
1. Activity Affected By
a. Hormone Blood levels:


b. Receptor Numbers
 Up-regulation:
↑ Hormones 
 Down-regulation:
c. Binding Affinity
D. Half-Life, Onset, and Duration of Hormone
Activity
1. Duration of Hormone Activity
 Half-Life =
2. Removal of Hormones



II. Hormone Characteristics …
E. Interactiion of
Hormones at
Target Cells
 Permissiveness:
 Example:
 Synergism:
 Example:
 Antagonism:
 Example:
F. Control of Hormone Release
1. Negative Feedback
Loops
 A Stimulus:
Thyroid gland
releases
calcitonin
Calcitonin
stimulates
calcium salt
deposit
in bone
Calcitonin
Thyroid
gland
 Control Center:
 Effector:
Rising
blood
Ca2+
levels
Calcium homeostasis of blood
9–11 mg/100 ml
Falling
blood
Ca2+
levels
 Results:
Thyroid
gland
 Feedback to Endocrine
Gland 
Parathyroid
glands
Osteoclasts
degrade bone
matrix and release
Ca2+ into blood
PTH
Parathyroid
glands release
parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
F. Control of Hormone Release
2. Endocrine Gland Stimuli–3
a. Humoral Stimuli (simplest)
 Humoral =
 Ends when:
 Hormones:
 Parathyroid hormone
 Calcitonin
 Insulin
2. Endocrine Gland Stimuli …
b. Neural Stimuli
 =

 Examples =
c. Hormonal Stimuli (most complex)
i)
ii) Hormones:
1. Endocrine Gland Stimuli …
d. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target
Feedback Loop
 Hypothalamus Hormones:
 Function:
 Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
 Function:
 Final Hormone of feedback loop:
 As it increase it will negatively
feeds back to stop the
Hypothalamus and Pituitary from
releasing their hormones
  Rhythmic hormone release:
F. Control of Hormone Release …
2. Nervous System Modulation:
Hormone interaction w/ NS
 NS modifies endocrine activity:
 adjusts
 Can overrides
 Example: Severe Stress
Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Suggestion:
Make notecards
with Endocrine
Gland Images –
include targets,
affects, and
regulation
(control loops)
Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Table 9.1 (1 of 4)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Table 9.1 (3 of 4)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Table 9.1 (4 of 4)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS
III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
A. HYPOTHALAMUS
1. Hormones from Hypo.
Released from the
Posterior Pituitary
• Origin:
• Cell body location:
• Axons Terminal location:
• Hormones considered from:
1
2
2. Hypo. Hormones that go to
the Anterior Pituitary
- Production Site:
3. Hormones:
- Path to Ant. Pit. Via:
• Releasing Hormones
Hypophyseal Portal
• Inhibiting Hormones
System: NEXT SLIDE
Relationships of Posterior Pituitary & HYPO.
1 Hypothalamas
synthesizes oxytocin
and ADH.
Paraventricular
nucleus
Supraoptic
nucleus
Optic chiasma
Infundibulum
(connecting stalk)
Hypothalamichypophyseal
tract
Axon
terminals
Posterior
lobe of
pituitary
Hypothalamus
2 Oxytocin and ADH
transported along
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
tract to pituitary.
Inferior
hypophyseal artery
3 Oxytocin and ADH
stored in axon terminals
in posterior pituitary.
4 Oxytocin and ADH
Oxytocin
ADH
released into blood
when neurons fire.
(a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus…
A. Hypothalamus…
2. Hypo. Hormones That Go to The
Ant Pit. …
- Hypophseal Portal
System (Portal =
Capill.VeinCapill.)
 1st Capillary Plexus in:
 HP Veins go through
 2nd Capillary Plexus in:
 Hormones leave and travel
to:
 Type of Hormones:
 Releasing Hormones:
 Inhibiting Hormones:
 Naming of Hormones:
1st Capillary Plexus
Hypophseal
Portal Veins
2nd Capillary
Plexus
III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus…
B. Pituitary Gland
 Location
 Lobes
 Anterior Lobe: tissue =
(adenohypophysis)
 Posterior Lobe: tissue =
Figure 9.3
1. Posterior Pituitary
 Hormones from
 Release stimulated by:
 Neurohypophysis =
Hormones: (Direct Affect)
a. ADH:
 Target:
 Stimulus Type & ADH release:
 Osmoreceptors of Hyp.: function
 Increasing solute
concentration
= Water is
and Blood Pressure is:
 Effect:
 Inhibition: via
1. Posterior Pituitary…
Hormones …
 Oxytocin
 Stimulus:
 Initiation:

 Target & Acttions:


 Regulation:
 Inhibition:
B. Pituitary Gland …
2. Anterior Pituitary
a. Biochemical: All
b. Hormone Mechanism:
c. Stimulus:
 Releasing Hormones
 Inhibiting Hormones
d. Pathways:
i)
Hypothalamus Hormone 
ii) Hypothalamus Hormone 
iii) Regulation: Usually the last hormone in the chain inhibits
production of the other hormones in the chain
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Non-stimulating
Hormones
Stimulating Hormones
e. Non-stimulating Hormones
i) Growth Hormone
 Target:
 Action:
 growth of
 Metabolic Effects:
 Regulation:
 Stimulation:
 Inhibition
 GH
 GHIH = Somatostatin
 Synergism:
• Growth hormone disorders
** Students Do **
 Pituitary dwarfism  Gigantism
 Acromegaly
age 9
age 16
age 33
age 52
2. Anterior Pituitary …
e. Non-stimulating Hormone …
ii) Prolactin (PRL)
 Normal:
 Target:
 Action:
 Stimulus:
 Regulation
 Path:
 Inhibition:
2. Anterior Pituitary …
f. Stimulating Hormones
= Tropic Hormones
 Function:
i) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone =
Thyrotropic Hormone
 Target:
 Stimulus:
 Action:
 Regulation:
 Stimulation:
 Inhibition:
f. Stimulating Hormones of Ant. Pit.
corticotropin
ii) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = ACTH
 Target: Adrenal Glands
 Action:
 Regulation:
 Stimulation:
 CRH =
 Stress:
 Inhibition:
iii) Gonadotropins: FSH and LH
 FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
 Target:
 Action:

 Synergism w/ LH:
f. Stimulating Hormones
iii) Gonadotropins: FSH …
 Regulation:
 Stimulation:
Gonadal Hormones
 Inhibition:
 LH = Lutenizing Hormone
 Target:
 Stimulus:
 Action:
 Synergism w/ FSH:

 Regulation:
 Stimulation:
 Inhibition:
IV. Thyroid Gland
A. Location & Structure:
B. Microscopic: Follicles
- Parafollicular cells:
C. Thyroxine
1. Active forms: T4 & T3
2. Actions:


3. Regulation:
 Release:
 Inhibition:
C. Thyroxine …
4. Production
 Important:
D. Hormone Disorders Students Do
1. Goiters:
2. Myxodema
3. Grave’s Disease
4. Cretinism
IV. Thyroid Gland …
E. Calcitonin (insignificant)
1. Production at:
2. Target:
3. Actions: Antagonistic to
a.
b.
3. Regulation:
a. Stimulation:
b. Inhibition:
V. Parathyroid Glands & Parathyroid hormone
A. Location:
B. Antagonistic to
C. Histology & Production Site:
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid
Gland
D. Target:
Thyroid and Parathyroid
V. Parathyroid Gland & Hormone …
E. Actions
1. Activates
2. Stimulate
3. Vitamin D:
F. Regulation: Humoral
 Release:
 Inhibition:
G. Importance:
VI. Adrenal Glands
A. Overview
1. Location:
2. Parts
a. Adrenal
 Tissue:
 Hormones:
- Mineralocorticoids area
- Glucocorticoids area
- Sex hormone area
 Layers: 3 (next slide)
b. Adrenal
 Catechcholamines
 Tissue:
Parts & Layers of Adrenal Gland
Hormones
Layers
= Capsule
= Zona
Glomerulosa
= Zona
Fasiculata
Adrenal
Cortex
= Zona
Reticularis
B. ADRENAL CORTEX
1. Mineralocorticoids
a. Target
b. Aldosterone
 Potency & Amount:
 Target:
 Juxtaglomerular Complex of Kidney
 Actions:
 Direct Cause:
b. Aldosterone …
i) Layer: Zona Glomerulosa
 Stimulus: 1) and
2)
 Actions: ↑ blood volume & BP
 Mechanism
(1) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
Mechanism
 Stimulus:
 Juxtaglomerular Complex:
 angiotensin II
 Zona glomerulosa cells 
 i) Regulation: Humoral
 Inhibition:
Most common stimuli
b. Aldosterone …
i) Regulation: Humoral
 Stimulation: pressure receptors for low
blood pressure & kidney for K+ concen.
 Inhibition
ii) Stress Response
Short term
Stress
More prolonged
Hypothalamus
Releasing hormone
Nerve impulses
Corticotropic cells of
anterior pituitary
Spinal cord
Preganglionic
sympathetic
fibers
ACTH
Adrenal
medulla
Adrenal
cortex
MineralocorticoidsGlucocorticoids
Short-term
stress response
Catecholamines
(epinephrine and 1. Increased heart rate
norepinephrine) 2. Increased blood pressure
3. Liver converts glycogen to
glucose and releases glucose
to blood
4. Dilation of bronchioles
5. Changes in blood flow
patterns, leading to increased
alertness and decreased
digestive and kidney activity
6. Increased metabolic rate
1.
2.
Long-term stress response
1. Proteins and fats
Retention of
converted to glucose
sodium
or broken down for
and water by
energy
kidneys
2. Increased blood
Increased blood
sugar
3. Suppression of
volume and
immune system
blood
pressure
Adrenal Cortex (Glomerulosa and fasciculata)
2. Glucocorticoids
a. Function:
b. Cortisol (significant amounts)
i) Target:
ii) Actions:
 Blood Sugar maintenance
 Gluconeogenesis: mechanism =
 BP maintenance
 Mechanism:
iii) Synergistic with:
2. Glucocorticoids …
iii) Under Stress (prolonged):
 Negative Affects of Chronic Stress
iv) Regulation: CRH (hypo)  ACTH (ant. pit.)
Cortisol
 Cycles:
 Inhibition:
- increasing
 ↓ CRH & ↓ ACTH
Hormones involved in Stress
2. Glucocorticoids ...
Short term
Stress
More prolonged
Hypothalamus
Releasing hormone
Nerve impulses
Corticotropic cells of
anterior pituitary
Spinal cord
Preganglionic
sympathetic
fibers
ACTH
Adrenal
cortex
Adrenal
medulla
Mineralocorticoids
Catecholamines
(epinephrine and
norepinephrine)
Short-term
stress response
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Liver converts glycogen to
glucose and releases glucose
to blood
4. Dilation of bronchioles
5. Changes in blood flow
patterns, leading to increased
alertness and decreased
digestive and kidney activity
6. Increased metabolic rate
Glucocorticoids
Long-term stress response
1. Retention of sodium
and water by kidneys
2. Increased blood
volume and blood
pressure
3. Gonadocorticoids
 Insignificant levels normally
1. Proteins and fats
converted to glucose
or broken down for
energy
2. Increased blood
sugar
3. Suppression of
immune system
Adrenal Cortex – zona fasciculata
4. Adrenal cortex disorders Students Do
 Cushing’s syndrome–
 Masculinization–
 Addison’s disease–
C. Adrenal Medulla
1. Cells of: Chromaffin Cells = Modified Symp. Ganglionic
neurons
2. Hormones: Catecholamines =
3. Target:
4. Actions:
- “Fight or Flight”
- brief repone
 Epinephrine: 80%, greater
effect on
 Norepinephrine: 20%, greater effect
on
Zona reticularis and medulla
C. Adrenal Medulla …
- ‘fight or flight’
Short term
Stress
Hypothalamus
Figure 9.13, step 1
Short term
Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Spinal cord
Figure 9.13, step 2
Short term
Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Spinal cord
Preganglionic
sympathetic
fibers
Adrenal
medulla
Figure 9.13, step 3
Short term
Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Spinal cord
Preganglionic
sympathetic
fibers
Adrenal
medulla
Catecholamines
(epinephrine and
norepinephrine)
Under neural
control
Short-term
stress response
Figure 9.13, step 4
Adrenal Medulla …
‘fight or flight’ …
Short term
Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Spinal cord
Preganglionic
sympathetic
fibers
Adrenal
medulla
Catecholamines
(epinephrine and
norepinephrine)
Short-term
stress response
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Liver converts glycogen to
glucose and releases glucose
to blood
4. Dilation of bronchioles
5. Changes in blood flow
patterns, leading to increased
alertness and decreased
digestive and kidney activity
6. Increased metabolic rate
Figure 9.13, step 5
VII. Pancreas
A. Location: Pancreatic Islets – endocrine
B. Hormones/Cells: β and α cells 
Insulin producers
Glucagon producers
C. Regulation:
D. Target:
Insulin Action
Insulin-secreting
cells of the pancreas
activated; release
insulin into the
blood
Elevated
blood sugar
levels
Stimulus:
rising blood
glucose levels
(e.g., after
eating four
jelly doughnuts)
Uptake of glucose
from blood is enhanced in most
body cells
Liver takes up
glucose and stores
it as glycogen
Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose
levels (90 mg/100ml)
Blood glucose
levels decline
to set point;
stimulus for
insulin release
diminishes
Figure 9.15, step 7
Pancreas …
E. Insulin
1. Regulation (only this hormone does this)
 Stimulation: _________________
 Inhibition: __________________
2. Actions:
 Enhances
 Inhibits
 Inhibit
 Once glucose is in cells
 Energy needs met: Glucose   ATP
 Excess 
Glucagon Action
Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose
levels (90 mg/100ml)
Stimulus:
declining blood
glucose levels
(e.g., after
skipping a meal)
Low blood
sugar levels
Rising blood
glucose levels
return blood sugar
to homeostatic set
point; stimulus for
glucagon release
diminishes
Liver breaks down
glycogen stores and
releases glucose to
the blood
Glucagon-releasing
cells of pancreas
activated;
release glucagon
into blood; target
is the liver
Figure 9.15, step 12
Pancreas …
F. Glucagon
1. Stimulus:
2. Regulation:
 Stimulates: as above for stimulus
 Inhibition: ___________________
3. Glucagon Action: raises blood glucose
 Gluconeogenesis
 Glycogen  ____________________
4. Synergistic with:
G. Disorders of the Pancreas
1. Diabetes mellitus (Hyperglycemia)
 Type 1– no insulin, autoimmune disorder
 Type 2 – insulin affects deficient; insulin resistance
 Effects:
 excessive hunger
 High blood fatty acid levels 
 High glucose in urine 
 
  Dehydration
2. Hypoglycemia
VIII. Pineal Gland – tiny gland of the brain
 Location:
 Secretes:
 Actions:
 Coordinates
 Believed to
 Excess Melatonin:
Depression in the
dark
IX. Gonads & Placenta
A. Ovaries – produce _____
 2 groups of steroid
hormone


B. Testes – produce _______
 Hormones:
C. Placenta – hormones
produced (like hCG) to
______________________
______________________
___
X. Hormone Secretion By Other Organs


Parts of small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart
Nearly all cells release hormones or hormone-like
chemicals if damaged
A. Kidneys & Blood Production-- Erythropoietin
Normal blood oxygen levels
Reduced O2
levels in blood
More
RBCs
Kidney releases
erythropoietin
Enhanced
erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin
stimulates
Red bone
marrow
X. Hormone Secretion By Other Organs …
B. HEART– Atrial Naturietic Factor
C. Gastrointestinal Tract
D. Thymus Gland-- Thymosin
 END of PPT
 Extra Slides
 Review Questions
Review Qestions
The endocrine system makes chemical message
hormones
molecules known as ____________
. Which of the
following are at least partially under hormonal
control?
A. Reproduction
B. Growth and development
C. Mobilization of body defenses
D. Water and electrolyte balance
E. Metabolism rates
Review Questions
Identify the following components of the 2nd
messenger system…
A Hormone
B Receptor
Adenylate cyclase
Extracellular fluid
D
GDP
C G protein (GS)
responses
Review Questions …
The most common stimuli for hormone release is
hormones .
the presence or absence of other ___________
When ion or nutrient concentrations in the blood
stimulate hormone release, the stimulus is
humoral
Neural stimuli of
referred to as ___________
. ________
endocrine glands occur when nerve impulses
stimulate hormone release directly.
Review Questions
Lipid soluble hormones are transported by
plasma
___________
proteins and stimulate responses
gene
via direct ________
activation.
enzymes of the
Hormones are degraded by ___________
liver
kidneys
target cells or by the _________
or __________.
Review Questions
anterior pituitary
The ________
________ gland makes and releases
6 different hormones. Release of these
hormones is controlled by other hormones of the
hypothalamus region of the brain. The 2
_____________
hormones of the posterior pituitary are
controlled by
A. Neural stimulation
B. hypothalamus
C. Other hormones
D. Nothing in particular
E. Estrogen
Review Questions
thyroid
Lack of iodine prevents the __________
gland from
thyroid
making __________
hormone. As a result, TSH
from the pituitary
_____________
gland continues to stimulate
colloid production causing a condition known as
goiter
__________
.
Review Questions
Match the following glands with their hormones or
functions.
Pineal Gland
Estrogen, progesterone:
female reproductive cycles
Pancreatic Islets
melatonin: sleep cycles
Testes
Testosterone: male
reproductive features
Ovaries
Adrenal Medulla
Norepinephrine,
epinephrine: fight or flight
insulin, glucagon: blood
sugar control
Relationships of pituitary and hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic neuron
cell bodies
Superior
hypophyseal artery
Hypophyseal
portal system
• Primary capillary
plexus
• Hypophyseal
portal veins
• Secondary
capillary
plexus
Anterior lobe
of pituitary
TSH, FSH,
LH, ACTH,
GH, PRL
1 Hypothalamus
releases hormones.
2 Hypothalamic
hormones
travel via portal
veins to pituitary.
3 Anterior pituitary
hormones released or
inhibited…
(b) Relationship between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
FROM 2013 PPT Relationships
of pituitary and
hypothalamus.
1 Hypothalamas
synthesizes oxytocin
and ADH.
Paraventricular
nucleus
Supraoptic
nucleus
Optic chiasma
Infundibulum
(connecting stalk)
Hypothalamichypophyseal
tract
Axon
terminals
Posterior
lobe of
pituitary
Hypothalamus
2 Oxytocin and ADH
transported along
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
tract to pituitary.
Inferior
hypophyseal artery
3 Oxytocin and ADH
stored in axon terminals
in posterior pituitary.
4 Oxytocin and ADH
Oxytocin
ADH
released into blood
when neurons fire.
(a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus