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Transcript
Hi everyone, This endocrine system ppt has not been modified for the new text. Tomorrow, I will modify as we go through it. Professor Brooks The Endocrine System I. The Endocrine System: An Overview A. Overall Function = B. CONTROL: By altering __________ C. Uses Chemicals = D. Endocrine Glands E. Neuroendocrine Gland = F. Other Organs that Produce Hormones G. Chemicals similar to Hormones: • Autocrines: • Paracrines: II. Hormones Charateristics A. The Chemistry of Hormones Types Amino acid: Steroids: Eicosanoids: Example: Prostaglandins paracrines & autocrines B. Mechanisms of Hormone Action Target cells: most affect 1 or few Organ systems: Different targets: Typical Affects: Text Page ____ Receptor: Location depends on: Lipid Hormones Non=Lipid Hormones B. Mechanisms of Hormone Activity … Two Main Mechanisms 1. 2. Plasma Membrane Receptors: a. Type Chemical: - except: b. Second Messenger (indirect): Intracellular Receptors: a. Type Chemical: b. Intracellular Receptors (Direct Gene Activaion): hormone receptor lipid hormone receptor 1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger System a. The Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism Hormone binds to: Receptor activates: Second messenger produced: cAMP activates: Cell Effects Hormone removal: Phosphodiesterase– Effectiveness: Hormones that act via cAMP: Epinephrine LH TSH ACTH Glucagon Calcitonin FSH PTH 1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems … a. The Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism … 1 Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor. Extracellular fluid Receptor Cytoplasm Figure 16.2, step 1 1 Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor. Receptor Adenylate cyclase Extracellular fluid 4 GDP cAMP (2nd messenger) is produced. Cytoplasm Figure 16.2, step 4 1 Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor. 5 cAMP activates protein kinases. G protein (GS) Receptor Extracellular fluid Adenylate cyclase 4 cAMP (2nd messenger)is produced. GDP Inactive protein kinase Active protein kinase Which triggers responses Cytoplasm Figure 16.2, step 5 1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems … b. There are others– The PIP2-Calcium Signaling Mechanism B. Mechanisms of Hormone Activity … 2. Intracellular Receptors and Direct Gene Activation Entrance of Hormone: Lipid Hormone H attaches to: Receptor H-Receptor binds to: Activated Gene: Protein produced changes: 1 Steroid hormone Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane 1 Cytoplasm Receptor protein Receptorhormone complex 2 Nucleus Receptor-hormone enters nucleus. Figure 16.3, step 2 Steroid hormone Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Receptor protein Nucleus Receptorhormone complex Hormone response elements DNA 3 binds to a specific DNA sequence). Figure 16.3, step 3 Steroid hormone Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane 1 Cytoplasm Receptor protein Receptorhormone complex 2 Nucleus Hormone response elements 3 DNA mRNA 4 transcription. Figure 16.3, step 4 Steroid hormone Plasma membrane Extracellular fluid 1 Cytoplasm Receptor protein Receptorhormone complex 2 Nucleus Hormone response elements 3 DNA mRNA 4 5 New protein protein synthesis. new protein – an enzyme, structural protein, a secretion, etc… Figure 16.3, step 5 C. Target Cell Specificity 1. Activity Affected By a. Hormone Blood levels: b. Receptor Numbers Up-regulation: ↑ Hormones Down-regulation: c. Binding Affinity D. Half-Life, Onset, and Duration of Hormone Activity 1. Duration of Hormone Activity Half-Life = 2. Removal of Hormones II. Hormone Characteristics … E. Interactiion of Hormones at Target Cells Permissiveness: Example: Synergism: Example: Antagonism: Example: F. Control of Hormone Release 1. Negative Feedback Loops A Stimulus: Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Calcitonin Thyroid gland Control Center: Effector: Rising blood Ca2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Falling blood Ca2+ levels Results: Thyroid gland Feedback to Endocrine Gland Parathyroid glands Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood PTH Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) F. Control of Hormone Release 2. Endocrine Gland Stimuli–3 a. Humoral Stimuli (simplest) Humoral = Ends when: Hormones: Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Insulin 2. Endocrine Gland Stimuli … b. Neural Stimuli = Examples = c. Hormonal Stimuli (most complex) i) ii) Hormones: 1. Endocrine Gland Stimuli … d. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Feedback Loop Hypothalamus Hormones: Function: Anterior Pituitary Hormones: Function: Final Hormone of feedback loop: As it increase it will negatively feeds back to stop the Hypothalamus and Pituitary from releasing their hormones Rhythmic hormone release: F. Control of Hormone Release … 2. Nervous System Modulation: Hormone interaction w/ NS NS modifies endocrine activity: adjusts Can overrides Example: Severe Stress Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones Suggestion: Make notecards with Endocrine Gland Images – include targets, affects, and regulation (control loops) Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones Table 9.1 (1 of 4) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones Table 9.1 (3 of 4) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones Table 9.1 (4 of 4) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus A. HYPOTHALAMUS 1. Hormones from Hypo. Released from the Posterior Pituitary • Origin: • Cell body location: • Axons Terminal location: • Hormones considered from: 1 2 2. Hypo. Hormones that go to the Anterior Pituitary - Production Site: 3. Hormones: - Path to Ant. Pit. Via: • Releasing Hormones Hypophyseal Portal • Inhibiting Hormones System: NEXT SLIDE Relationships of Posterior Pituitary & HYPO. 1 Hypothalamas synthesizes oxytocin and ADH. Paraventricular nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Optic chiasma Infundibulum (connecting stalk) Hypothalamichypophyseal tract Axon terminals Posterior lobe of pituitary Hypothalamus 2 Oxytocin and ADH transported along hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to pituitary. Inferior hypophyseal artery 3 Oxytocin and ADH stored in axon terminals in posterior pituitary. 4 Oxytocin and ADH Oxytocin ADH released into blood when neurons fire. (a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus… A. Hypothalamus… 2. Hypo. Hormones That Go to The Ant Pit. … - Hypophseal Portal System (Portal = Capill.VeinCapill.) 1st Capillary Plexus in: HP Veins go through 2nd Capillary Plexus in: Hormones leave and travel to: Type of Hormones: Releasing Hormones: Inhibiting Hormones: Naming of Hormones: 1st Capillary Plexus Hypophseal Portal Veins 2nd Capillary Plexus III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus… B. Pituitary Gland Location Lobes Anterior Lobe: tissue = (adenohypophysis) Posterior Lobe: tissue = Figure 9.3 1. Posterior Pituitary Hormones from Release stimulated by: Neurohypophysis = Hormones: (Direct Affect) a. ADH: Target: Stimulus Type & ADH release: Osmoreceptors of Hyp.: function Increasing solute concentration = Water is and Blood Pressure is: Effect: Inhibition: via 1. Posterior Pituitary… Hormones … Oxytocin Stimulus: Initiation: Target & Acttions: Regulation: Inhibition: B. Pituitary Gland … 2. Anterior Pituitary a. Biochemical: All b. Hormone Mechanism: c. Stimulus: Releasing Hormones Inhibiting Hormones d. Pathways: i) Hypothalamus Hormone ii) Hypothalamus Hormone iii) Regulation: Usually the last hormone in the chain inhibits production of the other hormones in the chain Anterior Pituitary Hormones Non-stimulating Hormones Stimulating Hormones e. Non-stimulating Hormones i) Growth Hormone Target: Action: growth of Metabolic Effects: Regulation: Stimulation: Inhibition GH GHIH = Somatostatin Synergism: • Growth hormone disorders ** Students Do ** Pituitary dwarfism Gigantism Acromegaly age 9 age 16 age 33 age 52 2. Anterior Pituitary … e. Non-stimulating Hormone … ii) Prolactin (PRL) Normal: Target: Action: Stimulus: Regulation Path: Inhibition: 2. Anterior Pituitary … f. Stimulating Hormones = Tropic Hormones Function: i) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone = Thyrotropic Hormone Target: Stimulus: Action: Regulation: Stimulation: Inhibition: f. Stimulating Hormones of Ant. Pit. corticotropin ii) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = ACTH Target: Adrenal Glands Action: Regulation: Stimulation: CRH = Stress: Inhibition: iii) Gonadotropins: FSH and LH FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Target: Action: Synergism w/ LH: f. Stimulating Hormones iii) Gonadotropins: FSH … Regulation: Stimulation: Gonadal Hormones Inhibition: LH = Lutenizing Hormone Target: Stimulus: Action: Synergism w/ FSH: Regulation: Stimulation: Inhibition: IV. Thyroid Gland A. Location & Structure: B. Microscopic: Follicles - Parafollicular cells: C. Thyroxine 1. Active forms: T4 & T3 2. Actions: 3. Regulation: Release: Inhibition: C. Thyroxine … 4. Production Important: D. Hormone Disorders Students Do 1. Goiters: 2. Myxodema 3. Grave’s Disease 4. Cretinism IV. Thyroid Gland … E. Calcitonin (insignificant) 1. Production at: 2. Target: 3. Actions: Antagonistic to a. b. 3. Regulation: a. Stimulation: b. Inhibition: V. Parathyroid Glands & Parathyroid hormone A. Location: B. Antagonistic to C. Histology & Production Site: Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland D. Target: Thyroid and Parathyroid V. Parathyroid Gland & Hormone … E. Actions 1. Activates 2. Stimulate 3. Vitamin D: F. Regulation: Humoral Release: Inhibition: G. Importance: VI. Adrenal Glands A. Overview 1. Location: 2. Parts a. Adrenal Tissue: Hormones: - Mineralocorticoids area - Glucocorticoids area - Sex hormone area Layers: 3 (next slide) b. Adrenal Catechcholamines Tissue: Parts & Layers of Adrenal Gland Hormones Layers = Capsule = Zona Glomerulosa = Zona Fasiculata Adrenal Cortex = Zona Reticularis B. ADRENAL CORTEX 1. Mineralocorticoids a. Target b. Aldosterone Potency & Amount: Target: Juxtaglomerular Complex of Kidney Actions: Direct Cause: b. Aldosterone … i) Layer: Zona Glomerulosa Stimulus: 1) and 2) Actions: ↑ blood volume & BP Mechanism (1) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism Stimulus: Juxtaglomerular Complex: angiotensin II Zona glomerulosa cells i) Regulation: Humoral Inhibition: Most common stimuli b. Aldosterone … i) Regulation: Humoral Stimulation: pressure receptors for low blood pressure & kidney for K+ concen. Inhibition ii) Stress Response Short term Stress More prolonged Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Nerve impulses Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers ACTH Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex MineralocorticoidsGlucocorticoids Short-term stress response Catecholamines (epinephrine and 1. Increased heart rate norepinephrine) 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity 6. Increased metabolic rate 1. 2. Long-term stress response 1. Proteins and fats Retention of converted to glucose sodium or broken down for and water by energy kidneys 2. Increased blood Increased blood sugar 3. Suppression of volume and immune system blood pressure Adrenal Cortex (Glomerulosa and fasciculata) 2. Glucocorticoids a. Function: b. Cortisol (significant amounts) i) Target: ii) Actions: Blood Sugar maintenance Gluconeogenesis: mechanism = BP maintenance Mechanism: iii) Synergistic with: 2. Glucocorticoids … iii) Under Stress (prolonged): Negative Affects of Chronic Stress iv) Regulation: CRH (hypo) ACTH (ant. pit.) Cortisol Cycles: Inhibition: - increasing ↓ CRH & ↓ ACTH Hormones involved in Stress 2. Glucocorticoids ... Short term Stress More prolonged Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Nerve impulses Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers ACTH Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Mineralocorticoids Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Short-term stress response 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity 6. Increased metabolic rate Glucocorticoids Long-term stress response 1. Retention of sodium and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 3. Gonadocorticoids Insignificant levels normally 1. Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy 2. Increased blood sugar 3. Suppression of immune system Adrenal Cortex – zona fasciculata 4. Adrenal cortex disorders Students Do Cushing’s syndrome– Masculinization– Addison’s disease– C. Adrenal Medulla 1. Cells of: Chromaffin Cells = Modified Symp. Ganglionic neurons 2. Hormones: Catecholamines = 3. Target: 4. Actions: - “Fight or Flight” - brief repone Epinephrine: 80%, greater effect on Norepinephrine: 20%, greater effect on Zona reticularis and medulla C. Adrenal Medulla … - ‘fight or flight’ Short term Stress Hypothalamus Figure 9.13, step 1 Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord Figure 9.13, step 2 Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Adrenal medulla Figure 9.13, step 3 Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Adrenal medulla Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Under neural control Short-term stress response Figure 9.13, step 4 Adrenal Medulla … ‘fight or flight’ … Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Adrenal medulla Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Short-term stress response 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity 6. Increased metabolic rate Figure 9.13, step 5 VII. Pancreas A. Location: Pancreatic Islets – endocrine B. Hormones/Cells: β and α cells Insulin producers Glucagon producers C. Regulation: D. Target: Insulin Action Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Uptake of glucose from blood is enhanced in most body cells Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes Figure 9.15, step 7 Pancreas … E. Insulin 1. Regulation (only this hormone does this) Stimulation: _________________ Inhibition: __________________ 2. Actions: Enhances Inhibits Inhibit Once glucose is in cells Energy needs met: Glucose ATP Excess Glucagon Action Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Figure 9.15, step 12 Pancreas … F. Glucagon 1. Stimulus: 2. Regulation: Stimulates: as above for stimulus Inhibition: ___________________ 3. Glucagon Action: raises blood glucose Gluconeogenesis Glycogen ____________________ 4. Synergistic with: G. Disorders of the Pancreas 1. Diabetes mellitus (Hyperglycemia) Type 1– no insulin, autoimmune disorder Type 2 – insulin affects deficient; insulin resistance Effects: excessive hunger High blood fatty acid levels High glucose in urine Dehydration 2. Hypoglycemia VIII. Pineal Gland – tiny gland of the brain Location: Secretes: Actions: Coordinates Believed to Excess Melatonin: Depression in the dark IX. Gonads & Placenta A. Ovaries – produce _____ 2 groups of steroid hormone B. Testes – produce _______ Hormones: C. Placenta – hormones produced (like hCG) to ______________________ ______________________ ___ X. Hormone Secretion By Other Organs Parts of small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart Nearly all cells release hormones or hormone-like chemicals if damaged A. Kidneys & Blood Production-- Erythropoietin Normal blood oxygen levels Reduced O2 levels in blood More RBCs Kidney releases erythropoietin Enhanced erythropoiesis Erythropoietin stimulates Red bone marrow X. Hormone Secretion By Other Organs … B. HEART– Atrial Naturietic Factor C. Gastrointestinal Tract D. Thymus Gland-- Thymosin END of PPT Extra Slides Review Questions Review Qestions The endocrine system makes chemical message hormones molecules known as ____________ . Which of the following are at least partially under hormonal control? A. Reproduction B. Growth and development C. Mobilization of body defenses D. Water and electrolyte balance E. Metabolism rates Review Questions Identify the following components of the 2nd messenger system… A Hormone B Receptor Adenylate cyclase Extracellular fluid D GDP C G protein (GS) responses Review Questions … The most common stimuli for hormone release is hormones . the presence or absence of other ___________ When ion or nutrient concentrations in the blood stimulate hormone release, the stimulus is humoral Neural stimuli of referred to as ___________ . ________ endocrine glands occur when nerve impulses stimulate hormone release directly. Review Questions Lipid soluble hormones are transported by plasma ___________ proteins and stimulate responses gene via direct ________ activation. enzymes of the Hormones are degraded by ___________ liver kidneys target cells or by the _________ or __________. Review Questions anterior pituitary The ________ ________ gland makes and releases 6 different hormones. Release of these hormones is controlled by other hormones of the hypothalamus region of the brain. The 2 _____________ hormones of the posterior pituitary are controlled by A. Neural stimulation B. hypothalamus C. Other hormones D. Nothing in particular E. Estrogen Review Questions thyroid Lack of iodine prevents the __________ gland from thyroid making __________ hormone. As a result, TSH from the pituitary _____________ gland continues to stimulate colloid production causing a condition known as goiter __________ . Review Questions Match the following glands with their hormones or functions. Pineal Gland Estrogen, progesterone: female reproductive cycles Pancreatic Islets melatonin: sleep cycles Testes Testosterone: male reproductive features Ovaries Adrenal Medulla Norepinephrine, epinephrine: fight or flight insulin, glucagon: blood sugar control Relationships of pituitary and hypothalamus. Hypothalamus Hypothalamic neuron cell bodies Superior hypophyseal artery Hypophyseal portal system • Primary capillary plexus • Hypophyseal portal veins • Secondary capillary plexus Anterior lobe of pituitary TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL 1 Hypothalamus releases hormones. 2 Hypothalamic hormones travel via portal veins to pituitary. 3 Anterior pituitary hormones released or inhibited… (b) Relationship between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus FROM 2013 PPT Relationships of pituitary and hypothalamus. 1 Hypothalamas synthesizes oxytocin and ADH. Paraventricular nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Optic chiasma Infundibulum (connecting stalk) Hypothalamichypophyseal tract Axon terminals Posterior lobe of pituitary Hypothalamus 2 Oxytocin and ADH transported along hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to pituitary. Inferior hypophyseal artery 3 Oxytocin and ADH stored in axon terminals in posterior pituitary. 4 Oxytocin and ADH Oxytocin ADH released into blood when neurons fire. (a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus