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Transcript
Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 Cells and body organization CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CELLS TINY UNITS OF LIVING MATERIAL VARY IN SIZE AND SHAPE CHICKEN EGG- LARGE MOST ARE VERY SMALL WHY ARE CELLS SO SMALL? A CELL’S SURFACE IS THE GATE THAT FOOD AND OXYGEN MUST ENTER AND WASTES MUST EXIT AS A CELL’S SIZE INCREASES, THE AMOUNT OF SURFACE AREA FOR THIS EXCHANGE DECREASES RELATIVE TO THE VOLUME SUFFOCATION RESULTS IF SURFACE AREA IS TOO SMALL LOOKING AT CELLS MICROSCOPES ARE VERY USEFUL LIGHT MICROSCOPES- GOOD ELECTRON MICROSCOPES- MUCH MORE POWERFUL, VERY EXPENSIVE CELLULAR ORGANELLES ORGANELLES= THE CELL’S TINY ORGANS PLASMA MEMBRANE- SURROUNDS THE CELL CYTOPLASM- THE FLUID INSIDE THE CELL MEMBRANE NUCLEUS- THE CELL’S CONTROL CENTER NUCLEUS CONTAINS DNA= THE BLUEPRINT FOR THE CELL THE INFORMATION STORED IN DNA TELLS THE CELL HOW TO MAKE PROTEINS HAS ITS OWN MEMBRANE NUCLEOLUS- CENTER OF NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES ARE MADE HERE IN THE CYTOPLASM... RIBOSOMES- MAKE PROTEINS ER (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)PACKAGES PROTEINS -SMOOTH ER- LIPID SYNTHESIS -ROUGH ER- RIBOSOMES ON THE SURFACE GOLGI- PROCESSES PROTEINS AND REPACKAGES THEM SIGHTS OF THE CYTO. LYSOZOMES- STORAGE OF ENZYMES FOR DIGESTION MITOCHONDRION- BURNS GLUCOSE AND PRODUCES ENERGY (ATP) CENTRIOLS- PRODUCE AND ORGANIZE MICROTUBULES (CYTOSKELETON) CILIA AND FLAGELLA EXTERNAL STRUCTURES USED TO MOVE THE CELL OR ITS ENVIRONMENT MADE OF MICROTUBULES CILIA- SHORT, OARLIKE- WINDPIPE FLAGELLA- LONG, WHIPLIKE SPERM PLASMA MEMBRANE A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER (DOUBLE LAYER OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS) SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE- PICKY ABOUT WHAT GETS THROUGH HAS EMBEDDED PROTEINS THAT SERVE AS CHANNELS AND CARRIERS GLYCOPROTEINS- CELLULAR IDENTIFICATION FUNCTION OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE PASS FREELY THROUGH THE MEMBRANE OTHER MOLECULES MUST USE A CHANNEL PROTEIN OR CARRIER TO CROSS WATER- USES A PROTEIN CHANNEL TO PASS THROUGH DIFFUSION THE RANDOM MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION OSMOSIS- THE DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A PLASMA MEMBRANE PASSIVE TRANSPORT- NO ENERGY IS REQUIRED TONICITY AFFECTS THE MOVEMENT OF WATERBASED ON SOLUTE CONC. ISOTONIC- WATER AND SOLUTE CONC. OF CELL AND FLUID ARE EQUAL HYPOTONIC- FLUID HAS LESS SOLUTES/MORE WATER- CELLS SWELL HYPERTONIC- FLUID HAS MORE SOLUTES/LESS WATER- CELLS SHRIVEL TRANSPORT BY CARRIERS FACILITATED TRANSPORTSUBSTANCE IS MOVING DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT (DIFFUSION) - THESE LARGER MOLECULES NEED A PROTEIN CARRIER TO GET THROUGH THE MEMBRANE - NO ENERGY IS USED MORE ON TRANSPORT... ACTIVE TRANSPORT- SUBSTANCE IS PUMPED AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT WORKS AGAINST DIFFUSION - REQUIRES A PROTEIN CARRIER - USES ENERGY IN AND OUT ENDOCYTOSIS- LARGE SUBSTANCES ARE “ENGULFED” BY THE CELL USING A PIECE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE EXOCYTOSIS- A VESICLE FORMED BY THE GOLGI FUSES WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND DUMPS ITS CONTENTS OUT OF THE CELL THE NUCLEUS NORMALLY THE DNA IS IN AN UNCOILED STATE CALLED CHROMATIN WHEN THE CELL GETS READY TO DIVIDE, THE DNA COILS UP INTO THICK STRUCTURES CALLED CHROMOSOMES NUCLEAR ENVELOPE SEPARATES THE NUCLEUS FROM THE REST OF THE CELL A DOUBLE MEMBRANE NUCLEAR PORES- OPENINGS IN THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE THAT ALLOW PROTEINS AND RNA TO PASS MEMBRANES ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, GOLGI APPARATUS AND VACUOLES ARE ORGANELLES COMPOSED MAINLY OF MEMBRANES ER- A SYSTEM OF TUBULAR CANALS ROUGH- RIBOSOMES ON SURFACE SMOOTH- NO RIBOSOMES VACUOLE- A STORAGE SACK GOLGI APPARATUS HOLLOW PANCAKES PACKAGES STORES AND DISTRIBUTES PROTEINS MADE BY ROUGH ER SOMETIMES THESE SUBSTANCES ARE MOVED OUT OF THE CELL - EX. DIGESTIVE ENZYMES LYSOSOME CONTAINS DIGESTIVE ENZYMES DIGESTS PARTICLES TAKEN IN BY ENDOCYTOSIS AUTODIGESTION- “CELLULAR SUICIDE”- REMOVES WEBBING FROM BETWEEN OUR FINGERS WHILE WE ARE EMBRYOS MITOCHONDRIA ATP ARE PRODUCED HERE AS GLUCOSE IS “BURNED” OXYGEN IS USED AND CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER ARE RELEASED A WASTE PRODUCTS AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION CYTOSKELETON HELPS MAINTAIN THE CELLS SHAPE ANCHOR OR MOVE THE ORGANELLES AROUND INSIDE THE CELL MICROTUBULES- DIVIDE THE CELL DURING DIVISION, FLAGELLA (SPERM) CELLULAR METABOLISM ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN A CELL EVERY REACTION IN A CELL REQUIRES A SPECIFIC ENZYME REACTANTS- STARTING MATERIALS FOR A REACTION PRODUCTS- RESULT OF A REACTION ENZYMES PROTEINS THAT SPEED UP A REACTION AN ENZYME WILL ACT ON A SPECIFIC MOLECULE CALLED A SUBSTRATE HAVE AN ACTIVE SITE WHERE THE SUBSTRATES BIND AND ARE CHANGED COENZYMES NON-PROTEIN MOLECULES THAT ASSIST THE ENZYME IN ITS “WORK” EX. VITAMINS- HELP YOUR ENZYMES AEROBIC CELLULAR RESP. GLUCOSE + OXYGEN= WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE + ENERGY (ATP) MAKES 36 ATP/GLUCOSE NAD+ = AN IMPORTANT HYDROGEN CARRIER 3 STEPS- GLYCOLYSIS, KREB’S CYCLE, ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM FERMENTATION ANAEROBIC- DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN PRODUCES ONLY 2 ATP/GLUCOSE OCCURS IN MUSCLES DURING HEAVY USE PRODUCES LACTIC ACID WHICH MAKES YOUR LEGS ACHE HUMAN ORGANIZATION TISSUE SIMILAR CELLS THAT PERFORM A SIMILAR FUNCTION 4 MAJOR TYPES OF TISSUES 1. EPITHELIAL- COVERS BODY SURFACES AND LINES BODY CAVITIES 2. CONNECTIVE- BINDS AND SUPPORTS BODY PARTS 3. MUSCLE- MOVES BODY PARTS 4. NERVOUS- RECEIVES STIMULI AND CONDUCTS IMPULSES FORM ONE PART TO ANOTHER EPITHELIAL TISSUE CELLS ARE TIGHTLY PACKED TOGETHER TO FORM A LAYER SKIN LINING OF DIGESTIVE TRACT, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, RESPIRATORY TRACT 3 TYPES OF EPITHELIUM SQUAMOUS- COMPOSED OF FLATTENED CELLS- EX. LINES BLOOD VESSELS CUBOIDAL- CUBE SHAPED CELLS- EX. KIDNEY TUBULES COLUMNAR- RECTANGULAR PILLAR SHAPED CELLS- EX. DIGESTIVE TRACT LINING LAYERS OF EPITHELIAL CELLS SIMPLE- ONE LAYER OF CELLS STRATIFIED- SEVERAL LAYERS OF CELLS ARE STACKED ON TOP OF EACH OTHER PSEUDOSTRATIFIED- APPEARS TO BE LAYERED BUT SOME CELLS SPAN BOTH LAYERS SPECIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS CILIATED- HAVE CILIA WHICH MOVE OTHER PARTICLES - EX. TRACHEA GLAND CELLS- SECRETE SUBSTANCES2 TYPES ENDOCRINE- SECRETE SUBSTANCES INTO THE BLOODSTREAM EXOCRINE- USE DUCTS FOR SECRETIONS BETWEEN CELLS... 3 TYPES OF JUNCTIONS TIGHT JUNCTIONS- FORM A SEAL BETWEEN 2 CELLS- DIGESTIVE TRACT GAP JUNCTION- OPEN CHANNEL BETWEEN 2 CELLS- ALLOWS COMMUNICATION- HEART ADHESION- HOLD CELLS TOGETHERHEART CONNECTIVE TISSUE VERY DIVERSE BINDS ORGANS TOGETHER, PROVIDES SUPPORT AND PROTECTION. FILLS SPACES, PRODUCES BLOOD CELLS AND STORES FAT CELLS USUALLY SEPARATED BY A MATRIX MATRIX SEPARATES CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CAN BE SOLID, SEMISOLID OR EVEN FLUID (BLOOD PLASMA) LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE MAIN FUNCTION IS SUPPORT MADE UP MAINLY OF CELLS CALLED FIBROBLASTS ADIPOSE TISSUE- STORES FAT RETICULAR TISSUE- LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN, BONE MARROW, THYMUSIMMUNE SYSTEM- STORE OR PRODUCE WHITE BLOOD CELLS FIBROUS CON. TISSUE BINDS BODY PARTS TOGETHER TENDONS- CONNECT MUSCLES TO BONES LIGAMENTS- CONNECT BONES TOGETHER AT JOINTS CARTILAGE- A STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE CARTILAGE FLEXIBLE NO DIRECT BLOOD SUPPLY SO IT HEALS VERY SLOWLY 3 TYPES HYALINE- MOST COMMON- NOSE AND AT THE ENDS OF LONG BONES ELASTIC- FLEXIBLE- EAR CARTILAGE CONT. FIBROCARTILAGE- CAN WITHSTAND TENSION AND PRESSUREBETWEEN VERTEBRAE, KNEE JOINTS BONE RIGID- HARD MATRIX COMPACT BONE- SHAFTS OF LONG BONES SPONGY BONE- ENDS OF BONES LESS DENSE THAN COMPACT BONE BUT STILL STRONG BLOOD HAS A LIQUID MATRIX CALLED PLASMA (55% OF THE VOLUME) 3 SOLID COMPONENTS RED BLOOD CELLS- NO NUCLEUS, CARRY OXYGEN TO OTHER CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS- HAVE A NUCLEUS, FIGHT INFECTION PLATELETS- CELL FRAGMENTS, CLOT MUSCLE CONTAIN ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONTRACTION 3 TYPES 1. SKELETAL VOLUNTARY CONTROL ATTACHED TO BONES MULTINUCLEATED STRIATED- ALTERNATING LIGHT AND DARK BANDS DUE TO THE PLACEMENT OF ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS 2. SMOOTH NO STRIATIONS NOT VOLUNTARY FOUND IN DIGESTIVE, CIRCULATORY AND OTHER SYSTEMS CONTRACTS MORE SLOWLY THAN SKELETAL MUSCLE , BUT IT CAN REMAIN CONTRACTED FOR A LONGER TIME 3. CARDIAC MUSCLE FOUND ONLY IN THE WALLS OF THE HEART HAS STRIATIONS LIKE SKELETAL MUSCLE, BUT IT IS NOT UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL COMMUNICATION TO SYNCHRONIZE CONTRACTIONS IS DUE TO GAP JUNCTIONS BETWEEN THE CELLS NERVOUS TISSUE CONDUCTS ELECTRICAL IMPULSES MADE OF CELLS CALLED NEURONS THAT CARRY THE IMPULSE 3 PARTS- AXON= AWAY DENDRITE= TOWARD CELL BODY= CENTRAL PART NERVE- CLUSTER OF NEURONS NEUROGLIAL CELLS- SUPPORT AND PROTECT NEURONS SKIN- AN ORGAN ORGAN= COMPOSED OF TWO OR MORE TISSUES 3 LAYERS EPIDERMIS- EPITHELIUM DERMIS- CONNECTIVE, MUSCLE, NERVOUS, EPITHELIUM (GLANDS) SUBCUTANEOUS- CONNECTIVE TISSUE- LAYER OF FAT SKIN CANCER MALIGNANT MELANOMA- DARKLY PIGMENTED SPOT THAT LOOKS LIKE A MOLE- UV LIGHT BASAL CELL AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS- EPIDERMAL CELLS, UV LIGHT, SURGICAL REMOVAL MAJOR BODY CAVITIES THORACIC- SUBDIVIDED INTO CAVITIES THAT CONTAIN THE HEART AND LUNGS ABDOMINAL- SEPARATED FROM THE THORACIC CAVITY BY THE DIAPHRAGM. CONTAINS MOST OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MEMBRANES A LAYER OF EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT LINE BODY SURFACES MUCOUS- LINE THE DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS SEROUS- LINE THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITIES + ORGANS SYNOVIAL-JOINTS BETWEEN BONES MENINGES-BRAIN ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER TO MAINTAIN THE BODY’S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT MAINTENANCE CIRCULATORY DIGESTIVE URINARY LYMPHATIC RESPIRATORY ORGAN SYSTEMS CONT. INTEGUMENTARY- SKIN ORGAN SYSTEMS CONT. SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT SKELETAL MUSCULAR ORGAN SYSTEMS CONT. INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION NERVOUS ENDOCRINE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTIVE HOMEOSTASIS INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT REMAINS CONSTANT EX. CONSTANT BODY TEMP, BLOOD PRESSURE ETC. REQUIRES THAT ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER TO KEEP CELLS WARM, WELL FED, DISEASE AND WASTE FREE AND HAPPY! MAINTAINING BALANCE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK- PROCESS BY WHICH THE BODY CORRECTS ITSELF TO NEGATE THE ORIGINAL PROBLEM NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS REACT TO PROBLEMS AND CORRECT THEM EX. BODY TEMPERATURE BLOOD TEMP MEASURED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS (IN THE BRAIN) TOO LOW- THEN NERVOUS IMPULSES SHUT DOWN BLOOD FLOW TO SKIN + BEGINS SHIVERING RESPONSE TOO HIGH- THEN MORE BLOOD CIRCULATES TO SKIN SURFACE + SWEAT PRODUCTION