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Name:_____________________________________________________Period:____Date:_______________ I. VOCABULARY: _____________________- The scientific study of interaction between organism and their environments. o Environments: ________________________–all the living organism that inhabit an environment ________________________– the nonliving parts of the environment • Ex: air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil ______________________– is a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time o Organisms compete for food, water, mates. Determines how large each population can become _____________________- The interacting system of a biological community and its nonliving environment. ________________________– is a collection of interacting populations o A change in one population in a community will cause changes in the other populations __________________________- Place where an organism lives; o Even in the same ecosystem, different organisms differ in their habitats. II. SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS: ____________________- Organisms that produce their own food are called _________________. o Ex: Plants o all of the species of the ecosystem depend on autotrophs for nutrients and energy. ___________________________- They obtain food by eating other organisms. o All the organisms that cannot make their own food (and need autotrophs) are called____________________________. o There are different levels of consumers: Those that feed directly from producers, i.e. organisms that eat plant or plant products are called___________________________. How do you think we can classify consumers? ……Based on what they EAT!! 1. __________________________- consumer that eats only plants Ex: grasshoppers, mice, rabbits, deer, beavers, moose, cows, sheep 2. ________________________________- consumer that eats only other animals. Ex: Foxes, frogs, snakes, hawks, and spiders. 3. ________________________________– consumer that eats the remains of dead animals. Ex: vultures, buzzards, crows, ants, beetles 1 4. __________________________- eats both plants (acting as primary consumers) and meat (acting as secondary or tertiary consumers). Ex: Bears --They eat insects, fish, moose, elk, deer, sheep as well as honey, grass 5. ________________________- organisms that break down the remains of other organisms. o Found at the bottom of the food web. Ex: Bacteria, yeast, fungi, worms and many insects III. RELATIONSHIPS FOR SURVIVAL: ________________________– permanent, close association between two or more organisms of different species o 3 types: 1. ________________________– one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped Ex: an orchid growing on the branch of a larger plant 2. _______________________– relationship that is beneficial to both species Ex: acacia trees (provides food/shelter for ants) and ants (protect tree by attacking any herbivore) 3. _______________________– one species benefits at the expense of the other species Ex: ticks, tapeworms live on or in the organism IV. MATTER & ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS: _______________________- Show one prey-predator relationship and how each living thing gets its food. o Some animals eat plants and some animals eat other animals. o Ex: Trees/shrubs giraffes lions o Each link in this chain is food for the next link. o Always starts with plant life and ends with an animal. o ____________________________-link represented by each organism in a food chain; Represents a feeding step in the transfer of ____________and matter in an ecosystem. All energy in an ecosystem originates with the___________. Plants transform solar energy into chemical energy (food) via photosynthesis This is consumed by plant-eating animals, which are in turn consumed as food. The total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is only about _______, the other 90% is lost as ___________ 2 Heat is lost by: 1. Organisms fail to capture and eat ________food available at the trophic level below them 2. Not all food that is captured and eaten __________________________ 3. Digested food is _______________by the organism as a source of energy. ______________________- model used to express feeding relationship among the members of a community. o A group of interlinked ____________________ o Illustrates: 1. Who eats who? 2. ______________ = energy flow through the community 3. Functional feeding groups 4. Important ecological interactions V. Differences between a food web & food chain: 1. ____________________ONLY show one prey-predator relationship. The source of food is also often ____________________with many animals adapting to changes in the season by eating different types of food. 2. ____________________show a better picture of interrelationships between plants and animals. VI. How Pollution Can Affect Organism: __________________________= The process of increasing a chemical concentration through the food chain (Examples: DDT and PCB) o Animals that eat other animals have HIGHER levels of contaminants than animals that eat plants. o Some contaminants are persistent - once they are in the animal's body, they stay there for a long time. o So when smaller animals are eaten by bigger animals, all the contaminants stored in their tissues are then ____________________to the bigger animal. 3 o The result of biomagnification is that animals ____________________________________ o The top predators at the end of a long food chain may accumulate concentrations of a toxic chemical high enough to cause serious deformities or death even though the concentration of the chemical in the open water is extremely low. o The concentration of some chemicals in the fatty tissues of top predators can be millions of times higher than the concentration in the open water. 4 VII. Nutrient Cycles The Water Cycle 1. Water cycles between the oceans, atmosphere and land. A. Water enters the atmosphere as__________________________, a gas, when water evaporates from the ocean or other bodies of water. o Evaporation—the process by which water changes from a _____________ to a __________. B. Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants—Transpiration. C. Precipitation--________________,___________________, ______________, or ___________ o The sun heats the __________________________________. o Warm, moist air rises and cools. o Eventually, the water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that form __________________. o When the droplets become large enough, the water return to Earth’s surface. D. Run-off—Precipitation runs along the surface of the ground until it enters a river or a stream that carries the run-off back to an ________________ or lake. E. Seepage—Rain also seeps into the soil, some of it deeply enough to become ___________________. Water in the soil enters plants through the ________________________, and the water cycle begins anew. Condensation Condensation Precipitation Transpiration Seepage Precipitation Evaporation Surface Run- Ground Water 5 The Carbon Cycle 1. Every__________________________ molecule contains the element ___________________. A. Carbon and oxygen form ___________________________ gas (CO2), an important component of the _______________________________________. B. Carbon dioxide is taken in by plants during ___________________________________ and is given off by plants and animals during _________________________________. • Cellular respiration is a process where cells transform chemical energy (sugar) into a useable form of energy (____________). 2. Four main types of processes move carbon through its cycle: A. Biological processes, such as_________________________________, _______________________, and ____________________________, take up and release carbon and oxygen. B. Geochemical processes, such as ___________________ and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and oceans. C. Mixed biogeochemical processes, such as the burial and decomposition of ________________________________________ and their conversion under pressure into _______ and ____________________________(fossil fuels), store carbon underground. D. Human activities, such as ____________________, cutting and ___________________ forests, and burning ___________________________ (car emissions, electricity), release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Burning of Fossil Fuels CO2 in Atmosphere Cellular Respiration Coal and Petroleum Decomposition of dead organisms Photosynthesis 6 The Nitrogen Cycle 1. All organisms require nitrogen to make ______________________, which in turn are used to build _______________________. A. Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of Earth’s _______________________________. B. Nitrogen containing substances such as ____________________ (NH3), _________________ (NO2-), and _____________________ (NO3-) are found in the wastes produced by many organisms and in dead and _____________________organic matter. C. Nitrate is major component of plant ________________________________. 2. Nitrogen gas is the most abundant form but only certain ______________________ can use this form. A. Such bacteria live in the __________ and on the _______________ of plants. B. These bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonium-- ______________________________________ C. Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into ________________and _______________. 3. Once the nitrites and nitrates are available,______________________ (plants) can use them to make_________________________. o ____________________then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins. 4. When organisms die, ________________________________return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia. 5. Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas--_________________________________. This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again. Nitrogen Gas in Atmosphere Denitrification Nitrogen Fixation Decomposers return ammonia to soil Nitrates (NO3-) Nitrites (NO2-) 7 VIII. A Change in Communities OVER Time: SUCCESSION ___________________= orderly, natural changes that take place in the communities of an ecosystem o The community of organisms inhabiting an area ________________changes. o __________________________________ since it can take decade or centuries for one type of community to completely succeed another. Figure 1: Succession of plant species on abandoned fields in North Carolina. Pioneer species consist of a variety of annual plants. This successional stage is then followed by communities of perennials and grasses, shrubs, softwood trees and shrubs, and finally hardwood trees and shrubs. This succession takes about 120 years to go from the pioneer stage to the climax community. ___________________________________= establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil. o Ex: ______________flowing from a volcano destroys everything in its path, but when it cools it forms new land o Ex: ________________gradually deposit silt along their banks, creating new soil in which plants can take root. o After some time, primary succession slows down, and the community becomes fairly_________. A stable, mature community that undergoes little of NO succession is called a________________________________. _________________________________= the sequence of community changes that takes place when a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions Ex: Hurricanes, forest fires, farmers abandoning fields IX. Biomes ____________________= a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climax community Two factors that will determine which biome will be dominant on land: 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 8 2) World Biomes: 1) ____________________________________ Characteristics: treeless, long cold winters, little winter sun, poor soil, little rain (less than 5 in) __________________________________________– permanently frozen ground Location: Canada, Russia, Alaska Vegetation: grasses, moss, lichen Animals: insects, fox, rodents, caribou, reindeer 2) ________________________________________ Characteristics: coniferous forest, poor soil, long severe winter Location: Canada, N. Europe, N. Asia Vegetation: pine, fir, hemlock, spruce Animals: rabbits, lynx, caribou, moose, woodpecker 3) _________________________________________________(where we live!) Characteristics: deciduous trees, 4 seasons, vegetation exhibits seasonal changes o ___________________________________– trees lose leaves in winter Location: East US, Europe Vegetation: Maple, Oak, Birch, Hickory Animals: bear, deer, robin, raccoon 4) _________________________________________________________________ Characteristics: warm, wet, humid, most diversity, up to 17 feet of rainfall annually Location: islands, equatorial regions Vegetation: broad lush plants, flowers, vines, palms, fruit trees o lush with many layers in the canopy that support an incredible ___________________of life. Animals: monkey, sloth, frogs, snakes, parrots 5) ___________________________________________________ Characteristics: ideal growing season, good soil quality, little precipitation does not support trees, but grasses and herbs are present in great abundance. Location: central regions Types: o Prairie – US o Steppe – Russia o Savanna – Serengeti o Pampas - Argentina Vegetation: grass, grains, crops, wildflowers Animals: bison, prairie dogs, birds, lions, elephants 6) _________________________________________________ Characteristics: dry & arid, less than 10 in of rainfall Location: SW US, N. Africa, Middle East o Hot Deserts- Mojave, Sahara o Cold Desert- Gobi Vegetation: Plant cover is sparse, and characterized by drought tolerant brushes, succulent (cacti, creosote bushes) Animals: rodents(gerbils, jerboas and kangaroo rats), snakes, lizards, scorpions, turtles, hawks 9 X. Population Dynamics All species occur in groups called _________________________________________ ______________________________________________ = factors that are biotic or abiotic that keep a population from continuing to increase indefinitely • 2 Types of Population-Limiting Factors: density-independent factors density-dependent factors ______________________________________________________ = Any factor in the environment that does not depend on the number of members in a population per unit area Usually ______________________ (natural phenomena) Ex: Weather events (tornadoes, floods, hurricanes) Fire Human alterations of the landscape Air, land, and water pollution ______________________________________________________= Any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area Usually _________________________ Ex: Predation Disease- (high population density--> disease quickly spreads) Parasites Competition – food, space limitations The ______________________________________________________(PGR) explains how fast a given population grows. ________________________________________________________occurs when the growth rate is proportional to the size of the population. __________ populations grow exponentially until some limiting factor slows the population’s growth. 10 The population’s growth slows or stops following exponential growth, at the population’s __________________________________________________. A population stops increasing when the number of births is less than the number of deaths or when emigration exceeds immigration. ____________________________________________ = The maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support for the long term. limited by the energy, water, oxygen, and nutrients available. Population exceeds carrying capacity- deaths outnumber births because resources are not available to support all individuals 11 Food Web Worksheet Identify the: 1. Producers (2) 2. Primary Consumers (4) 3. Secondary Consumers (4) 4. Herbivores (3) 5. Carnivores (4) 6. Omnivores (1) 7. What elements are missing from this food web? ______________________ 8. All energy in an ecosystem originates with the _______________. 9. The total energy transfer form one tropic level to the next is only about _______%, the other ______% is lost in the form of heat. 10. A tick feeds on the blood of a rabbit. What type of symbiosis is this? ________________ 11. A squirrel eats the berries and spread the berry-plants seeds in its feces. What type of symbiosis is this? ______________________________ 12. Barnacles adhering to the skin of a whale. What type of symbiosis is this? _________________ 13. Look at the food web above. What would happen if a disease killed the entire grasshopper population? 12 FARM AREA FOOD WEB & CHAIN: Directions: 1) Construct a food web using the animals listed below in the box. This ecosystem represents a farm area. The corn is the main source of food for many of the herbivores in the area. You do not have to draw pictures; you can just use the animal names and draw arrows between them. o CORN o SNAKE (eats: mouse, squirrel) o CATERPILLAR (eats: corn) o DEER (eats: corn) o CROW(eats: corn, snake, mouse, caterpillar) o MOUSE (eats: corn, caterpillar) o COUGAR (eats: deer, mouse, snake, squirrel) o SQUIRREL (eats: corn) o DECOMPOSERS (microorganisms) 2) What niche do the caterpillar, squirrel & deer have in this ecosystem? ____________________ 3) What niche does the cougar have in this ecosystem? __________________________ 4) Construct a food chain using 3 organisms from above (remember you must start with a producer!). 13 Populations Dynamics Worksheet 1) What is the difference between density-independent factors and density-dependent factors? 2) List 2 density-independent factors. a. ________________________________________ b. ________________________________________ 3) List 2 density-dependent factors. a. ________________________________________ b. ________________________________________ 4) List 2 factors can limit the carrying capacity of a population? a. ________________________________________ b. ________________________________________ 5) Which type of population growth model does the graph on the right represent? __________________ 6) Using the graph below, why does the population growth level off at 10,000? 14 Ecology Review Worksheet Vocabulary Matching: ___1. Feeds on dead organisms ___2. Study of how living things relate to each other and to their environment ___3. Step in the passage of energy and matter through an ecosystem ___4. Relationship between organisms in which one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited ___5. Relationship between organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed ___6. Breaks down dead organisms ___7. Simple model for showing how matter and energy move through an ecosystem ___8. Place where an organisms spends its life ___9. The role an organism has in an ecosystem (carnivore, omnivore, etc) ___10. Manufactures food using energy from the sun; makes their own food A. food web B. mutualism C. succession D. niche E. heterotroph F. commensalism G. autotroph H. scavenger I. community J. trophic level K. decomposer L. ecology M. food chain N. parasitism O. habitat P. carrying capacity ___11. Obtains energy and nutrients from autotrophs ___12. Network of interconnected food chains ___13. Group formed by several populations ___14. Relationship between organisms in which BOTH organisms benefit ___15. Orderly, natural changes that take place in the communities of an ecosystem ___16. The maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support for the long term. Short Answer: Provide the correct answers. 1) All energy originates with the ______________. 2) A stable, mature community that undergoes little or NO succession is called a ____________________________________________. 3) A forest fire destroys 10,000 acres of a forest and new grasses are starting to grow. This is an example of______________________________________________. 4) _______________________________________ is the establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil. 5) The process of increasing a chemical concentration through the food chain is called ___________________________________. 15 6) A large group of ecosystems that shares the same type of climax community is called a ___________________. 7) The total energy transfer from one tropic level to another is about _______%. 8) List two biotic factors in an environment. a. ____________________________________ b. ____________________________________ 9) List two abiotic factors in an environment. a. ____________________________________ b. ____________________________________ 10) What two factors determine where each biome is located on the earth? a. ____________________________________ b. ____________________________________ 11) The clownfish has shelter in the sea anemone and the sea anemone get food that the fish brings. What type of symbiosis is taking place between a clownfish and sea anemone? Why? 12) A tree provides a habitat for lichens, allowing it to receive ample sunlight. What type of symbiosis is taking place between a tree and lichen? Why? 13) A dog is infected with heart worms that weaken the heart muscles. What type of symbiosis is taking place between a dog and heart worm? Why? 14) Look at the following food chain: Plant insect a. How does energy flow in the food chain? small bird hawk Biome Identification: Desert, Taiga, Tundra, Rainforest, Temperate Forest, Grassland _______________________1. The biome where we live (Pennsylvania) _______________________2. Has a lot of reptiles and rodents; succulents (cati) _______________________3. Receives about 17 feet of rain per year! _______________________4. Little precipitation; does not support trees, but grasses and herbs are abundant _______________________5. Vegetation exhibits 4 seasonal changes _______________________6. Lies below the tundra and has different species of fir and spruce trees _______________________7. Permafrost is present 16 Unit Learning Map (7 days): Ecology Mrs. Hostetter Class: Biology B: PA standard: 3.3.10: Explain the structural an functional similarities and differences found among living things Optional Instructional Tools: Unit Essential Question(s): Biome Project How are organisms affected by the abiotic & biotic factors in the environment? Concept Concept Concept Concept Food Webs Succession Biomes Population Dynamics Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: What stages are involved in an ecosystem changing over time? What characteristics identify each biome on the Earth? How can you compare the different models used to quantify the growth of a population? How does energy flow through the ecosystem? Vocabulary: Ecology Biotic factors Abiotic factors Population Community Ecosystem Habitat Producer Consumer Herbivores Carnivores Scavengers Decomposers Niche Food chain Food web Tropic levels Symbiosis Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Biomagnification Vocabulary: Succession Primary succession Secondary succession Climax community Vocabulary: Biomes Tundra Taiga Temperate Forest Tropical Rainforest Grassland Desert Vocabulary: Density-independent factors Density-dependent factors Exponential growth Carrying capacity 17 Ecology Vocabulary: 1) Ecology = the scientific study of interaction between organism and their environments 2) Biotic factors = all the living organism that inhabit an environment 3) Abiotic factors = the nonliving parts of the environment 4) Population = a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time 5) Ecosystem = the interacting system of a biological community and its nonliving environment 6) Community = is a collection of interacting populations 7) Habitat = place where an organism lives 8) Producer = organisms that produce their own food are called autotrophs 9) Consumer = they obtain food by eating other organisms 10) Herbivores = consumer that eats only plants 11) Carnivores = consumer that eats only other animals 12) Scavengers = consumer that eats the remains of dead animals 13) Omnivores = eats both plants (acting as primary consumers) and meat (acting as secondary or tertiary consumers) 14) Decomposers = organisms that break down the remains of other organisms 15) Niche = a role that an organism has in the environment (omnivore, carnivore, herbivore, etc.) 16) Food chain = shows only one prey-predator relationship and how each living thing gets its food 17) Food web = shows a better picture of interrelationships between plants and animals 18) Tropic levels = link represented by each organism in a food chain 19) Symbiosis = permanent, close association between two or more organisms of different species 20) Commensalism = one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped 21) Mutualism = relationship that is beneficial to both species 22) Parasitism = one species benefits at the expense of the other species 23) Biomagnification = the process of increasing a chemical concentration through the food chain 24) Succession = orderly, natural changes that take place in the communities of an ecosystem Primary succession = establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil. 25) Secondary succession = the sequence of community changes that takes place when a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions 26) Climax community = a stable, mature community that undergoes little of NO succession is called 27) Biomes = a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climax community Two factors that will determine which biome will be dominant on land: Temperature and precipitation 18 28) Tundra = treeless, long cold winters, little winter sun, poor soil, little rain (less than 5 in); Permafrost – permanently frozen ground 29) Taiga = coniferous forest, poor soil, long severe winter 30) Temperate Forest (where we live!) = deciduous trees, 4 seasons, vegetation exhibits seasonal changes 31) Tropical Rain Forest = warm, wet, humid, most diversity, up to 17 feet of rainfall annually 32) Grassland = ideal growing season, good soil quality, little precipitation does not support trees, but grasses and herbs are present in great abundance. 33) Desert = dry & arid, less than 10 in of rainfall; succulent plants 34) Density-independent factors = Any factor in the environment that does not depend on the number of members in a population per unit area; usually abiotic ( Ex: weather events, fire, human alterations of the landscape, pollution) 35) Density-dependent factor = Any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area; usually biotic (predation, disease, parasites, competition) 36) Exponential growth occurs when the growth rate is proportional to the size of the population. 37) 38) Carrying capacity = The maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support for the long term. 19