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Visualizing Radio Waves What is this? Austin Rings Mystery 117 V isolation transformer Austin Rings Mystery 117 V isolation transformer Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Primary turns wound around toroidal core Secondary Primary Primary turns wound around toroidal core The turns of the secondary are this diameter. Secondary Primary Primary turns wound around toroidal core The turns of the secondary are this diameter. No core in here. Secondary Primary Primary turns wound around toroidal core the core for both is this The turns of the secondary are this diameter. No core in here. (secondary turns) magnetic flux is within core (primary turns) (secondary turns) magnetic flux is within core (primary turns) If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core… what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary? (secondary turns) There is nothing you can place in this area which would reveal a field. magnetic flux is within core (primary turns) If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core… what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary? How We Were Taught That a field expands around and collapses around the coil. If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core… what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary? It’s not so obvious, but even when close wrapped, the flux does not touch any of the wire. If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core… what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary? It’s not so obvious, but even when close wrapped, the flux does not touch any of the wire. If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core… what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary? Answer… If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core… what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary? Answer… If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core… what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary? Answer… a circulating electric field If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core… what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary? Answer… a circulating electric field something rarely taught Answer… a circulating electric field something rarely taught It is a special kind of E field, an E-field that doesn’t radiate. Answer… a circulating electric field something rarely taught It is a special kind of E field, an E-field that doesn’t radiate. It has curl and no divergence. A Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antenna would fail. A Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antenna would fail. A Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antenna would fail. Unless… A Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antenna would fail. Unless… A Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antenna would fail. Unless… the measurement involves going through the opening. A Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antenna would fail. Unless… the measurement involves going through the opening. A Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antenna would fail. Unless… the measurement involves going through the opening. A Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antenna Efficiency is not affected would fail. by the looseness of the Unless… wind. the measurement involves going through the opening. Austin Rings mystery shows how poor our models are. Austin Rings mystery shows how poor our models are. • • • Models seem to have as their purpose, an aid to explain the math. Austin Rings mystery shows how poor our models are. • • • Models seem to have as their purpose, an aid to explain the math. That the E-field can circulate and few teachers explain when and why. Austin Rings mystery shows how poor our models are. • • • Models seem to have as their purpose, an aid to explain the math. That the E-field can circulate and few teachers explain when and why. That the fields do not collapse around a coil, they just get stronger and weaker The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields A nothing The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields A The magnetic field is entirely contained in the core nothing The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields electric field A The magnetic field is entirely contained in the core nothing The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields electric field A The magnetic field is entirely contained in the core nothing The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields The electric field is the kind that circulates electric field A The magnetic field is entirely contained in the core nothing The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields magnetic field electric field The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields magnetic field electric field If there’s no load on the secondary, the primary has high impedance. It becomes a choke. The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields magnetic field electric field air core choke If there’s no load on the secondary, the primary has high impedance. It becomes a choke. The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields A A Can now be used to couple with the field And Now: Radiating Fields A Can now be used to couple with the field And Now: Radiating Fields A Can now be used to couple with the field A radiating field sends away power, whether there is a load there or not. And Now: Radiating Fields A Can now be used to couple with the field Fraunhofer Region And Now: Radiating Fields Fresnel Region A Can now be used to couple with the field Fraunhofer Region electric field A Can now be used to couple with the field Fresnel Region Fraunhofer Region Radiating Fields Radiating Fields The Most Important Difference: • If there’s no receiver for the EM wave the power is radiated anyway. • Radiating Fields The Most Important Difference: • If there’s no receiver for the EM wave the power is radiated anyway. • Whereas for the transformer, if there’s no load the power doesn’t come out. Radiating Fields The Most Important Difference: • If there’s no receiver for the EM wave the power is radiated anyway. • Whereas for the transformer, if there’s no load the power doesn’t come out. Tesla was hoping there was a way to have both. Radiating Fields Fields do not collapse and expand, they just get stronger and weaker. Radiating Fields Fields do not collapse and expand, they just get stronger and weaker. There is nothing that “flows” in spite of the word “flux”. Sound Waves in a Solid Sound Waves in a Solid Sound Waves in a Solid Compression Wave Sound Waves in a Solid Shear Wave Sound Waves in a Solid There’s any number of orientations the “S” wave can move. Sound Waves in a Solid There’s any number of orientations the “S” wave can move. Sound Waves in a Solid activity is but energy goes There’s any number of orientations the “S” wave can move. Sound Waves in a Solid There’s any number of orientations the “S” wave can move. measurable intensity Sound Waves in a Solid not There’s any number of orientations the “S” wave can move. measurable intensity Sound Waves in a Solid this is polarization There’s any number of orientations the “S” wave can move. Sound Waves in a Solid polarization is only possible if vibrating transversely Sound Waves in a Solid polarization is only possible if vibrating transversely Fields do not collapse and expand, they just get stronger and weaker. Sound Waves in a Solid Sound Waves in a Liquid Sound Waves in a Liquid Cannot Support Polarization Sound Waves in a Liquid Cannot Support Polarization Sound Waves in a Liquid Cannot Support Polarization A liquid cannot support a force called a “shear force. Sound Waves in a Liquid Cannot Support Polarization Sound Waves in a Liquid Cannot Support Polarization Longitudinal Waves Longitudinal Waves Longitudinal Waves Transverse Waves Do Support Polarization activity is but energy goes Transverse Waves Do Support Polarization activity is but energy goes the medium has to be rigid to support polarization it has to be able transmit a shear force Transverse Waves Do Support Polarization the medium has to be rigid to support polarization it has to be able transmit a shear force Transverse Waves Do Support Polarization the medium has to be rigid to support polarization it has to be able transmit a shear force Electric Waves Have Polarization Therefore they must be: • • the medium has to be rigid to support polarization it has to be able transmit a shear force Electric Waves Have Polarization Therefore they must be: • transverse and • the medium has to be rigid to support polarization it has to be able transmit a shear force Electric Waves Have Polarization Therefore they must be: • transverse and • travel through something rigid the medium has to be rigid to support polarization it has to be able transmit a shear force Electric Waves Have Polarization Therefore they must be: • transverse and • travel through something rigid energy is not because of motion energy gets stronger and weaker the medium has to be rigid to support polarization it has to be able transmit a shear force demo The Spinning Bargraph Shows What an EM Wave Looks Like Rotationally The Spinning Bargraph Shows What an EM Wave Looks Like Rotationally Now for a Longitudinal View An EM wave is said to be transverse An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely • • An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely • it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction • An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely • it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction • it gets weaker and stronger An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely • it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction • it gets weaker and stronger this construct is used because it is so hard to show something that gets weaker and stronger An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely • it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction • it gets weaker and stronger units are V / cm this construct is used because it is so hard to show something that gets weaker and stronger An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely • it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction • it gets weaker and stronger units are V / cm this construct is used because it is so hard to show something that gets weaker and stronger The length of the sensing element has nothing to do with the extent of the wave. An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely • it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction • it gets weaker and stronger units are V / cm where this unit has a “direction” Fills space with an infinitely fine grain another way to view it units are V / cm where this unit has a “direction” Fills space with an infinitely fine grain another way to view it units are V / cm where this unit has a “direction” Fills space with an infinitely fine grain another way to view it units are V / cm where this unit has a “direction” Fills space with an infinitely fine grain array of batteries another way to view it units are V / cm Fills space with an infinitely fine grain array of batteries another way to view it units are V / cm Fills space with an infinitely fine grain array of batteries units are V / cm Fills space with an infinitely fine grain array of batteries units are V / cm Fills space with an infinitely fine grain array of batteries To visualize this we need to “strobe” it. units are V / cm Stroboscope source source source source source source source source source source source source source The Basic Interferometer source detector The Basic Interferometer mirror moving mirror partial mirror source detector path 1 source detector source path 2 detector path 1 source path 2 detector source detector source from moving mirror from fixed mirror source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source (both waves are moving) detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector it doesn’t matter where our detector is source detector it doesn’t matter where our detector is source it doesn’t matter where our detector is detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector source detector any object improved source detector improved source detector improved source more sensitive because no limit on the power detector Interferometer Motion Sensor end Electric Waves Have Polarization Therefore they must be: • transverse and • travel through something rigid • energy is not because of motion compels one to believe in an electrically rigid medium. the medium has to be rigid to support polarization it has to be able transmit a shear force Electric Waves Have Polarization Therefore they must be: • transverse and • travel through something rigid • energy is not because of motion compels one to believe in an aether. the medium has to be rigid to support polarization it has to be able transmit a shear force