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Chapter 29: Plant’s Colonization Green Earth First 3 bil. yrs, no land life 370 mya – forests 1.2 bya – cyanobacteria Tody: ~290k living plants 500 mya – small plants, fungi, animals show up Kingdom Plantae Multicellular eukaryote Cell wall made of cellulose Autotrophic (chloroplasts) o Primary Producers Mutualists w/ bacteria, animals, fungi Central Vacuole o Hydrolysis o Store proteins & ions o Waste dump o Poisons for defense o Pigment proteins attract pollinators Protist Origin Multicelled, eukaryote, autotroph Green Algae (Charophytes) o Cellulose cell wall & how its made (rosette complex) o Chlorophyll a & b o Cell division o Peroxisome enzymes o Flagellated Sperm o Sporopollenin in spore walls Chloroplast Structures Thylakoids – membranous sac Granum – stacks of thylakoids Stroma – internal fluid (DNA, ribosomes, & enzymes) o NOT STOMA Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Ingredients o CO2 – enter thru stomata (stoma) o Water – roots or across membrane o Light – chlorophyll pigments (chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids) 2 Parts o Light Reactions (Photo) Converts light (solar) to chemical (ATP) energy Occurs in thylakoid membrane Photosystem II & I (PII & PI) Complex made of proteins, chlorophylls, carotenoids Photosystem II Chlorophyll a absorbs light Accessory pigments help (e.g. Chlorophyll b & carotenoids) Energy used to split water o Makes ATP & O2 (by-product) o Calvin Cycle (Synthesis) In stroma Series of enzymatic reactions requiring ATP CO2 (air) made into organic compounds (sugars) Sugar Use AFTER production… o Sent to mitochondrion where ATP made o Excess = starch Beautiful Land Unfiltered sun (no water or plankton) More CO2 (air v. water) Nutrient-rich soil No herbivores & pathogens Land Problems o Drying Out Sporopollenin – tough durable polymer covering spore Cuticle – waxy coat on plant Stomata – open & close Seed/pollen – protective coat o Scarcity of water Mycorrhizae Roots & Vascular tissues o Gravity Support – cell wall & stem Nutrient movement – xylem & phloem (vascular tissues) 4 Plant Traits Apical Meristems o Regions of continuous cell division at tips of shoots/roots o Sustained growth Epidermis Internal Tissues Leaves Alternation of Generations o 2 multicellular forms… Sporophyte (2n) = all diploid cells Gametophyte (n) = all haploid cells o In General Sporophytes (2n) make spores (n) by meiosis Spore becomes gametophyte Gametophytes (n) make gametes (n) by mitosis Gametes join = zygote (2n) Zygote grows = sporophyte Sporangia o Multi-celled organ (in sporophyte) that makes spores Spores have sporopollenin wall Gametangia o Multi-celled organ (in gametophyte) that makes gametes Antheridia – organ that makes & releases sperm Archegonia – organ that makes 1 immobile egg 3 Steps for Plant-kind Colonize Land Vascular Tissues Seeds Plant Groups Nonvascular Plants o No root, stem, leaf, seed, vascular tissues o Gametophyte dominant Longer lived & bigger o 3 Phylum… Moss, Liverwort, Hornwort Collectively called Bryophytes bryon = moss & phyton = plant Seedless Vascular Plants o 2 Phylum – Ferns & Club mosses o Roots & leaves o Vascular tissues Xylem Made of non-living cells Moves water & minerals Lignin surrounds cell wall o Thick & strong polymer (i.e. wood) Phloem Made of living cells Moves sugars, amino acids, & organic products o Sporophylls Modified leaf w/ sporangia Sori (on ferns) – cluster of sporangia on bottom of sporophyll Strobili (on pines) – cone-like structure made of groups of sporophylls o Homosporous Produce one type of spore Makes both f. & m. gametophyte or bisexual (both sexes) gametophyte Bryophytes & Seedless Vasculars Seeded plants heterosporous o Flagellated sperm o Sporophyte dominant Small gametophyte o First Forests Devonian & Carboniferous period Decaying forests = Coal More photosynthesis may have helped lower temps at end of Carboniferous period Chapter 30: Hail the Seed Seed Embryo Nutrient supply Allowed dormancy Small & easy to transport Protected – seed coat o Like a mobile womb 5 Seed Plant Characteristics Heterosporous o Megasporangium – make megaspores Become f. gametophyte o Microsporangium – make microspores (i.e. pollen) Become m. gametophyte Reduced Gametophyte o Sporophyte retains spore Gametophyte develops inside of spore o Benefits… Protected from UV & desiccation Food from sporophyte Ovule o Integument – protection o Megasporangium (will make megaspore) o Megaspore Pollen o aka Microspore o Sporopollenin wall with male gametophyte inside o Pollination Pollen delivered to ovule thru micropyle Pollen grain germinates Pollen tube forms Sperm discharged into ovule No water needed (or flagella) Seeds o Embryo surrounded by seed coat (integument from ovule) o Benefits… Dormant embryo Germinate in good conditions Food supply (f. gametophyte) Protective coat (dispersal aid) Gymnosperms Naked seeds On sporophylls; usually grouped into strobili (cone) Adapted to dry conditions o Wind Pollination 3 Phylum o Phylum Cycadophyta Cycads Large cones & palm-like leaves Thrived w/ dinosaur’s o Phylum Ginkgophyta Ginkgo biloba – last species High tolerance to air pollution & a popular ornamental tree o Phylum Coniferophyta Largest group of gymnosperms Most are evergreens & photosynthesize year round Angiosperms Phylum Anthophyta o Have seeds enclosed in fruit & flowers (for pollination) o Two groups… Monocots One cotyledon o Embryonic seed leaf Parallel venation Fibrous roots (no main root) Floral organs in 3’s (leaf, pedals) No secondary (lateral) growth e.g. Grasses & grains Eudicots Two cotyledons Netlike venation Taproot system Floral organs in 4’s or 5’s Have secondary growth e.g. Apple, oak, maple, pecan, walnut