Download Science and technology in the environment

SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
14.01 Define terms relating to science and technology and environmental
science, natural resources, and conservation
GENERAL TERMS
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Organism – any living thing
Biological Science – the study of living organisms
Cell – the basic building block of life
Life span – the period of life of an organism
Life process – a function or activity essential for the living condition
Living condition – the presence of life processes in an organism
Growth – the process of an organism increasing in size.
Repair – the replacement of worn or damaged parts.
Earth Science – a science the deals with the earth and the area surrounding it
Evolution – the process of growth development and change
Atmosphere - the air that surrounds the earth.
BASIC LIFE PROCESSES
14.02 – Describe basic life processes in relation to structures of living
organisms.
CELLS
• All organisms are made of cells, similar to a building being made of blocks
• A cell is the basic building block of life.
STRUCTURE
• Cell wall
• Rigid cover that gives a cell shape and protects it
• Cell membrane
• Thin structure that separates the cell from its surroundings and controls movement of
materials in and out of the cell.
• What adjective describes the membrane?
• Nucleus
• Controls cell functions
• Nucleoli
• Bodies within the nucleus that contain protein and RNA
• Cytoplasm
• Material inside the cell between the cell membrane and nucleus
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL
LIFE SPAN
• Stages of Life
• Beginning – when life begins
• Growing – when young organisms grow quickly by increasing the number and
size of cells
• Maturing – when an organism is fully developed
• Growth stops except for repair and replacement of cells
• When reproduction occurs
• Declining – after maturity, when an organism begins to lose its ability to maintain
itself.
• Also called AGING
• Dying – when life processes stop. DEATH occurs.
• Life spans vary. Few minutes or hours to thousands of years, depending on
organism.
LIFE PROCESSES
• Growth and Repair
• Needed for an organism to mature and remain healthy
• Assimilation
• The process of changing food substances into new living material
• Growth
• The process of an organism increasing in size
• Mitosis
• When cells divide to produce cells for growth and repair
• Repair
• The replacement of worn or damaged parts.
LIFE PROCESSES
• Food Acquisition and Use
• All organisms must have food
• Metabolism – all the chemical reactions
in the body
• Ingestion – process of animals taking in
food
• Digestion – the process that changes
food into simpler forms that can be
absorbed by the cells
• Absorption – transfer of nutrients from
digestive system to bloodstream
• Elimination – the removal of an
unabsorbed food remain from the body
• Solid material = feces
• Liquid material = urine
LIFE PROCESSES
• Digestive system types
• Monogastric
• Stomach with one compartment, needs
more concentrated foods
• Examples:
• Birds, monkeys, and swine
• Ruminant
• Stomach with multiple compartments, has
different forms
• Enables animals to digest roughage
• Examples
• Cow, sheep,
LIFE PROCESSES
• Movement
• Means to change location through an outside factor or to move parts.
• Locomotion
• The ability to move from one place to another
CIRCULATION
• Movement of metabolic material from one
location to another in an organism
• Plants have Vascular systems
• Xylem conducts water (H2O) and nutrients
• Phloem conducts food from where it’s made to
throughout the plant.
LIFE PROCESSES
• Respiration
• Two main functions
• External respiration
• Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) by an organism with its
environment, often simply called breathing.
• Also called mechanical respiration
• Internal respiration
• Occurs inside the organism and is the
movement of gasses across living tissues by
diffusion
• In animals, it happens in the lungs.
LIFE PROCESSES
• Secretion
• Process of releasing substances from a
living cell or glands
• Examples:
• Tears from eyes
• Saliva in the mouth
LIFE PROCESSES
• Sensations
• The detection of a stimulus by an organism
• Five senses
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Sight
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
• Organisms respond to their environment based on information from their sensors.
LIFE PROCESSES
• Excretion
• Removal of wastes from a cell or an organism
• From kidneys = urine
• From digestive system = feces
LIFE PROCESSES
• Reproduction
• Process of forming new
individuals
• Most is by sexual means,
involving a male and female
STRUCTURES OF LIVING
ORGANISMS
• Unicellular organisms
• Carry out life within a single cell
STRUCTURES OF LIVING
ORGANISMS
• Multi-cellular organisms
• All have many cells. Most have
millions of cells
• Not all cells are alike
• Cell specialization
• Cells are different so they can
do specific functions
• Tissue
• Group of cells that are alike
• Organs
• A collection of tissues that work
together to perform certain
functions
• Organ Systems
• Organs working together to
perform an activity
• Animal Structure
• Made of many cells
• Can move about
• Get their food from other
sources (heterotrophic)
• Skeletal System
• Part of the body made of
bones, etc.
• Two types
• Vertebrates – animals with
backbones
• Examples: humans, deer
• Invertebrates – animals
without backbones
• Examples: insects, shrimp,
and earthworms.
STRUCTURES OF LIVING
ORGANISMS
STRUCTURES OF LIVING
ORGANISMS
• Animal Structure
• Vital Organ Systems – needed for an animal to live
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Muscular
Nervous
Circulatory
Respiratory
Excretory
Digestive
Reproductive
STRUCTURES OF LIVING
ORGANISM
• Plant Structure
• Vegetative parts work together to carry out life processes
• Roots
• Anchor plant and take in water and nutrients
• Stems
• Support plant and transport material
• Leaves
• Make food by photosynthesis
• Reproduction
• Sexually – seed formation in the flower
• Asexually – using a plant part to produce another plant
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
14.03 – Classify living things by their scientific name and environmental role
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
• Classified by their similarities and differences
• System shows the biological relationships and differences of organisms
• Major divisions or stages are:
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Species
Genus
• Divisions become more specific from kingdom to species
KINGDOM
• All organisms are classified into five kingdoms
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Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
KINGDOM MONERA
• Monerans
• Tiny one-celled organisms
• Prokaryotic, meaning cells lack a nucleus
• Examples are
• Bacteria
• Blue-green algae
KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Protists
• One-cell organisms
• More advance than monerans
• Examples
• Amoeba
• Paramecia
KINGDOM FUNGI
• Fungi
• More complex than monerans
and protists
• Cannot make their own food,
but instead absorb it from their
surroundings.
• Examples
• Yeast
• Mildew
• Mushrooms
KINGDOM PLANTAE
• Plants
• Many (multi) celled organisms
• Make their food by photosynthesis
• Small examples are moss and duckweed
• Large examples are trees
• Cells have cell walls
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
• Animals
• Many multi-celled organisms
• About a million species
• Small examples are spiders and wasps
• Large examples are whales and elephants
• No cell walls in cells
• Food is obtained by eating plants and other animals.
• Can move about (locomotion). Plants cannot move about.
NOMENCLATURE
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System of names for organisms
Binomial nomenclature (two names)
Genus (first) and species (second)
Written in italics, or underlined
Used to prevent confusion with other organisms
Used universally
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Sugar maple is Acer saccharum
Blue Spruce is Picea picaungens
Cardinal is Cardinalis cardinals
Human is Homo sapiens
NOMENCLATURE
• Additional classifications
• Variety
• A way to separate plants that are similar, but not identical
• Cultivar
• Specific group within a species that are different, but will
breed true
• Example
• Some flowers sometimes come in different colors within the same
species
• Breed
• Species of animals with easily identifiable characteristics.
ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE
CLASSIFICATION
• Different roles in the environment by
organisms
• Producer
• An organism that takes nutrients and
energy from non-living sources and makes
them into food
• Autotrophs
• Plants
• Consumer
• An organism that feeds on producers
• Heterotrophs
• Animals
• Decomposer
• Organism that breaks down the bodies of
dead plants and animals
• Bacteria and mushrooms
• All consumers are decomposers
• Examples – buzzards, lions, and squirrels.