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EOC Biology Prep Reporting Category 1 Cell Structure and Function Some questions (c) 2012 by Region 10 Educational Service Center. Page 2 GO ON 1 3 Which structures, if found in a cell, would provide the best evidence that the cell is eukaryotic? A Chromosomes B Cell Walls C Carbohydrates D Internal Membranes 4 What is the function of the cell wall in a The cell structure labeled X is found only in plant cell? — F contain waste products of the cell A animal cells G generate the cell's supply of energy B eukaryotic cells H control the functions of the cell C plant cells J provide structural support and protection D prokaryotic cells 2 Plant cells are much less flexible than animal cells. Which cellular structure in 5 Which of the following is a characteristic of organisms in Bacteria, but not Archaea? plant cells is most responsible for this A organisms are prokaryotic charateristic? B organisms reproduce asexually F Vacuole C organisms contain peptidoglycan in their G Cell Wall H Chloroplast J Cell Memebrane Page 3 cell walls D organisms swim using one or more flagella GO ON 6 8 What complex biological molecule results from connected units of this building block? Several of these molecules connected in a F protein chain result in a/an G carbohydrate F starch H lipid G sugar J nucleic acid H nucleic acid J amino acid 7 What is the correct relationship between monomers and polymers? A Monomers are macromolecules; polymers are micromolecules. B Monomers are subunits of polymers. C Monomers are long, connecting chains of polymers. D Monomers are larger, more complex versions of polymers. Page 4 GO ON 9 Which diagram represents the building block containing information for selfreplicating life? A I B II C III D IV 10 11 Identify components of this molecule. A nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group Complete the chart by identifying the correct monomer at X. B nitrogen base, 6 carbon sugar, phosphate group F enzyme G fatty acids C H amino acids D amino group, carboxyl group, R group J glycerols Page 5 fatty acid, glycerol GO ON 12 The formation of polysaccharides, nucleic 15 acids, and proteins from smaller subunits A steroid is F chemosynthesis G hydrolysis H polysaturization J polymerization Which of the following is not a lipid? B cholesterol C wax D cellulose 16 Many land plants store energy in starch. When energy is needed, the starch 13 What monomer is represented by this molecules can be broken down quickly. diagram? Starch is which of the following molecules? F amino acid G lipid H polysaccharide J RNA chain A monosaccharide B nucleotide C glycerol D amino acid 17 Which of the following macromolecules are a prominent part of animal tissues that function in insulation, helping animals conserve heat? A carbohydrates 14 Macromolecules which are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic and are a major component of cell membranes are F polysaccharides G proteins H phospholipids J inorganic Page 6 B lipids C proteins D nucleic acids GO ON 18 Many plants have waxy coatings on some 21 Which biomolecule's function is most likely surfaces. This coating reduces water loss to be affected by the order of its single because it is not waterpermeable. This molecule units? waxy coating is which of the following A lipid types of organic molecule? F carbohydrate G lipid H nucleic acid J protein B starch C protein D vitamin 22 The enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions are macromolecules called 19 Beeswax is a waxy substance that is proteins. Which of the following elements produced by bees and then harvested by most often compose proteins? humans for a variety of uses. Ancient F carbon and hydrogen G carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and Romans used beeswax as a waterproofing agent because it is not waterpermeable. nitrogen Beeswax is which of the following types of organic molecule? H carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen A carbohydrate J carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen B lipid C nucleic acid and phosphorus D protein 23 The enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions are macromolecules made of organic compounds composed of carbon, 20 Many land plants store energy in starch. hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. These When energy is needed, the starch types of macromolecules are known as — molecules can be broken down quickly. A carbohydrates This chemical reaction produces which of the following? F amino acids G lipids H monosaccharides J RNA chains Page 7 B lipids C proteins D nucleic acids GO ON 24 The enzymes that catalyze cellular 27 Which of these substances stores the reactions are macromolecules made of most energy? organic compounds composed of carbon, A One gram of alcohol hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. These types of macromolecules are known as — F starches G sugars H proteins J fats B One gram of carbohydrate C One gram of fat D One gram of protein 28 25 A biomolecule that is a large, complex set of chains composed of alternating subunits called nucleotides has which of these functions in the cell? The compound shown above is an A Storing energy B Catalyzing cellular reactions C Building tissue example of which of the following types of biomolecules? D Storing genetic information 26 F Saturated fat G Monosaccharide H Polysaccharide J Unsaturated fat Which biomolecule's function is least likely to be affected by the order of its single molecule units? F DNA G starch H RNA J protein 29 Which biomolecule do living organisms use as energy storage? A carbohydrates B lipids C protein D nuclei acid Page 8 GO ON 30 Proteins in eukaryotic cells which control 32 the progression of cells through the cell cycle are F cyclins G recyclins H cytokines J cytochromes In humans, protein 53 (p53) is a 31 What disorder results when human body tumor suppressant protein encoded on cells lose the ability to respond to internal the p53 gene, which has been mapped to regulatory signals that control cell the short arm of chromosome 17. One growth? role of this protein is to facilitate the A cellulitis repair of damaged DNA. Which part of B diabetes C hemophilia D cancer Page 9 the cell cycle does the p53 gene have the most active role? F G1 G G2 H S J M GO ON 33 Which part of the cell cycle controls the repair of damaged DNA which, if unsuccessful, could eventually result in the abnormal cell division that typifies some types of cancer? A G1 B S C G2 D M Page 10 GO ON 34 Many types of cancer cells divide rapidly 36 In the human body, skin, liver, muscle, due to defects in the genes that control and nerve cells all originated from one cell cell division. Which phase of the cell containing halfgenomes contributed from cycle is the target of many chemotherapy each parent. This process is known as agents? F speciation G differentiation H cleavage J expression 37 All of the following organelles would be found in a root cell of a plant except A cell wall 35 F G1 B chloroplast G G2 C nucleus H S D vacuole J M Muscle cells of one animal differ from muscle cells of another animal due to differences in A DNA B the cell cycle C gene expression D genetic sequence Page 11 GO ON 38 40 Which animal and plant cell type share the function of support? F Fiber cells and kidney cells G Guard cells and white blood cells H Phloem cells and smooth muscle cells J Xylem cells and bone cells Which structures show that this cell is specialized for receiving information signals from many sources? 39 F Dendrites G Myelinated sheath H Central Nucleus J Schwann cell What is the primary function of nerve cells? A Nerve cells transmit messages from one part of the body to another via nerve impulses. B Nerve cells coordinate muscle action through constriction and contraction. C Nerve cells monitor the body's position in space. D Nerve cells filter incoming sensory signal. Page 12 GO ON 41 Which structure directly regulates the rate of photosynthesis in this plant? A Q B R C S D T 42 The diagram below shows a cross section of a leaf. Which of the following is the function of the guard cells on the lower surface of the leaf? F Synthesizing proteins G Transporting water and minerals H Opening ancd closing stomata J Allowing light to enter the leaf Page 13 GO ON 43 Xylem cells, in addition to transporting water, provide support for the plant. How is a xylem cell specialized for this function? A It is a flatshaped cell. B It has thick cell walls C It has a large cell nucleus D It has a permable cell membrane Page 14 GO ON 44 The four images above are human embryos in various stages of development. The stages are out of order. Which of the following has the images in order, from left to right, from the youngest embryo to the oldest? 45 F 4, 2, 1, 3 G 4, 2, 3, 1 H 2, 4, 3, 1 J 2, 4, 1, 3 Compared with mitosis, the process of 46 Compared to mitosis, meiosis results meiosis results in daughter cells that are in a greater — — F amount of cell cytoplasm per cell G number of daughter cells per cell H amount of genetic material per cell J number of cell chromosomes per cell A diploid cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells. B diploid cells with a smaller number of chromosomes than the parent cells. C haploid cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells. D haploid cells with a smaller number of chromosomes than the parent cells. Page 15 GO ON 47 Which statement best describes the end result of this process? A Two new DNA molecules are formed, each identical to the original. B New molecules of mRNA are transcribed from the DNA molecule. C A protein molecule is synthesized from the code in the DNA molecule. D The new DNA molecules are made from opposite DNA strands so are not identical. Page 16 GO ON 48 Which statement best summarizes the purpose of this process? F A new mRNA molecule is manufactured that will carry a copy of the DNA’s message to the ribosome. G New DNA molecules are formed that have new sequences of DNA nucleotides from the original. H As nucleotides match up with the DNA code, amino acids sequence to form the appropriate protein. J Two DNA molecules, containing the same genetic code as the original DNA molecule, are produced. 49 What event is occurring in the diagram? A Replication B Protein synthesis C Transcription D Translation Page 17 GO ON 50 Which statement best describes the DNA molecules made from this process? F The new DNA molecules are identical to each other and to the original molecule. G The new DNA molecules are identical to each other but not to the original molecule. H The new DNA molecules are each identical to only one strand in the original molecule. J The new DNA molecules are not identical to the original, providing variation in the DNA. Page 18 GO ON 51 52 Which of the following processes is shown in the figure above? Which of these could be shown by this F Replication G Protein assembly replication H Transcription RNA just finishing the process of J Translation figure? A DNA just finishing the process of B duplication C RNA just beginning the process of translation D DNA just beginning the process of replication Page 19 GO ON 53 54 Which of the following diagrams shows a stage in embryological development when specialized cells develop? F G Scientists set up an experiment using non H human eggs to learn the factors that affect cell differentiation. A glass needle was used to separate 8cell embryos into two halves. Based on this experiment, which of the following is most likely to J affect cell differentiation? A Cell Size B Cell Shape C Cell number D Cell position 55 A retrovirus gets its name from the fact that when it infects a cell, a retrovirus A injects pieces of its protein coat B produces a DNA copy of its RNA C converts its capsid proteins into RNA D strengthens and supports cell functions Page 20 GO ON 56 Which of the following illness is caused by 59 a virus? 57 F Common colds G Diabetes H Strep throat J Malaria Viruses use host cells to A create fermentation products B facilitate respiration C reproduce D create antibodies Which labeled viral structure in the diagram above stores viral DNA, similarly to 58 Viruses and cells are different in many the way the nucleus stores cellular DNA? ways. In which of these ways are viruses A 1 and cells most similar? B 2 F Composition of outer covering C 3 G Stages of life cycle D 4 H Composition of genetic material J Stages of reproduction Page 21 GO ON 60 Scientists are designing new medicines to fight infectious diseases caused by viruses. One of the most effective ways these medicines could limit the spread of the virus within the body would be to — F prevent viruses from dividing G burst cells infected with viruses H stop viruses from attaching to cells J make it easier for viruses to leave cells Page 22 GO ON 61 Identify the structures and processes at T and V. A T ribosome, protein synthesis; V nucleus, cell cycle B T chloroplast, photosynthesis; V vacuole, glucose storage C T chloroplast, photosynthesis; V mitochondrion, respiration D T Golgi apparatus, packaging macromolecules; V lysosomes, digestion of organelles 62 Identify structures T and V. F nucleus, nucleolus G chloroplast, mitochondrion H smooth ER, rough ER J ribosomes, Golgi apparatus Page 23 GO ON 63 The cell process occurring at Y represents one stage of A photosynthesis B replication C respiration D facilitated diffusion Page 24 GO ON 64 Identify the cell organelle at X. F ribosome G mitochondrion H cell membrane J endoplasmic reticulum Page 25 GO ON 65 Identify the cell organelle and process. A ribosome, protein synthesis B chloroplast, photosynthesis C chromosome, DNA replication D mitochondrion, respiration 66 Which metabolic process is considered nonlinearbeginning with a series of reactions and ending with a product? F Calvin Reaction G Krebs Cyle H Glycolysis J Electron Transport System Page 26 GO ON 67 What compound is most likely found at W? A NADH B ATP C C6H12O6 D pyruvate Page 27 GO ON 68 Identify substances which best complete the diagram at U and Y. F U H2O and CO2; Y C6H12O6 and O2 G U CO2 and O2; Y C6H12O6 and H2O H U C6H12O6 and O2; Y CO2 and H2O J U CH2O and CO2; Y CO2 and H2O Page 28 GO ON 69 Name the stages of cellular respiration that come before and after the stage represented in this diagram. A glycolysis, electron transport chain B glycolysis, alcohol fermentation C glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation D electron transport chain, glycolysis Page 29 GO ON 70 What types of energy are represented at S and X? 71 F S heat energy, X chemical energy G S light energy, X electrical energy H S ADP, X ATP J S light energy, X heat energy What is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration? A glycolysis, electron transport chain, Krebs Cycle B Krebs Cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis C glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, electron transport chain D electron transport chain, Krebs Cycle, glycolysis Page 30 GO ON 72 73 What substance (X) initiates this stage of cellular respiration? Amoebas are onecelled organisms that live in water, mud, and in animals. These creatures have a flexible cell membrane filled with watery cytoplasm. The actions of the amoeba are directed by the nucleus. Contractile vacuoles store and discharge water. To move, the liquid cytoplasm streams to the edge of the cell wall and A glucose forms pseudopodia, or false feet. These pseudopodia surround the amoeba’s prey B pyruvic acid and engulf the food into a food vacuole C water where it is digested by enzymes. D lactic acid Which structure of the amoeba plays the main role in maintaining homeostasis with its watery environment? F Nucleus G Food Vacuole function. Diffusion and osmosis are similar H Pseudopodium in that they are both types of J Contractile Vacuole F protein synthesis processes G passive transport processes H cellular replication processes J cellular metabolism processes Page 31 74 Diffusion and osmosis are both vital to cell GO ON 75 A few drops of Lugol's iodine solution placed in a beaker of water will turn the water red. A white starch solution was poured into a length of dialysis tubing and the ends were tied. The tubing was then dropped into the beaker of iodine solution. After 10 minutes, the white starch solution turned black and the iodine water remained red. What cellular structure was the dialysis tubing most likely representing in this experiment? A cell wall B cell membrane C vacuole D nucleus 76 Which of these is a defining characteristic 77 Prokaryotes are single celled organisms in a eukaryotic cell? belonging to the Domains: Archae and F presence of a membrane bound Bacteria. Which of the following cell nucleus structures would not be present in G DNA is present H absence of membrane bound J prokaryotic cells? A Cell Membrane mitochondria B Ribosome reproduces asexually C nucleus D cytoplasm Page 32 GO ON 78 80 Food provides the human body with all the following except F calories G nutrients H oxygen J water 81 Cells obtain energy from organic compounds and transfer it to the Which of the following substances must be taken into the cell by the structure above labeled 3 because it is too large to 79 energy used to drive the chemical reactions in the cell in which of these organelles? pass through the cell membrane? A 1 F Sodium B 2 G Glucose C 3 H Polysaccharide D 4 J Potassium Energy conversion within a plant cell would be limited most severely by removal of the cell's A mitochondria B chloroplasts C ribosomes D endoplasmic reticulum Page 33 GO ON 82 Use the diagram to answer the question below. The cell membrane plays an essential role in the life of the cell. How does the cell membrane help maintain the health of the cell in the figure above? F The cell membrane contains genetic information of the cell. G The cell membrane provides support and protection for the cell. H The cell membrane is where protein molecules are manufactured in a cell. J The cell membrane regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell. 83 The energy that comes from organic compounds is transferred to the cell to maintain healthy function. Which organelle in an animal cell is responsible for this energy transfer? A mitochondria B nucleus C ribosomes D cytoplasm Page 34 GO ON 84 Which cellular process would be affected first if the structure labeled 3 were destroyed? F Photosynthesis G Reproduction H Respiration J Transport Page 35 GO ON 85 What is the name of this stage of cellular respiration? A Calvin cycle B glycolysis C Kreb's cycle D electron transport chain 86 Some students measured the pH of water containing elodea, a common water plant. The students wanted to learn how much carbon dioxide elodea removes from the water. The students knew that decreasing levels of carbon dioxide correspond to increasing pH. Which cellular structure in elodea carries out the process that is most likely to result in increasing pH? F Chloroplast G Cytoplasm H Mitochondria J Nucleus Page 36 GO ON 87 A student puts some drops of Lugol’s iodine solution into the water in the beaker shown above. The water turned red. After a short time, the starch solution inside the dialysis tubing turned black. Which function of the cell membrane was the student demonstrating? A Facilitated diffusion of starch B Active transport of hydrogen ions C Diffusion through a permeable membrane D Diffusion through a semipermeable membrane Page 37 BE SURE YOU HAVE RECORDED ALL OF YOUR ANSWERS ON YOUR ANSWER DOCUMENT STOP