* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Plant Kingdom Characteristics of Plants • 1. Have many cells • 2
Plant tolerance to herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders wikipedia , lookup
Plant secondary metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Plant stress measurement wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Plant defense against herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
Plant breeding wikipedia , lookup
History of herbalism wikipedia , lookup
History of botany wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus) wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Plant ecology wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Flowering plant wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable landscaping wikipedia , lookup
3/5/2012 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plant Kingdom Characteristics of Plants • 1. Have many cells • 2. Have chlorophyll - photosynthesis • 3. Have cell walls Characteristics of Plants • 4. Have a nucleus - eukaryotic • 5. Most have roots Origin and Evolution of Plants First Plants were probably in water, evolving from algae How do plants conserve water? 1. A cell wall provides support even when the plant has little water 2. A waxy cuticle on its leaves and stem to prevent water loss 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3. Vascular Plants - have vessels to carry water and nutrients throughout the plant Vascular tissue = veins Nonvascular plants - do not have vessels • are usually very small plants (mosses) Plant Phylum (Divisions) – page 246 • Bryophyta – mosses • Lycophyta – club moss • Spenophyta - horsetails • Pterophyta - ferns • Cycadophyta - cycads • Gnetophyta – gnetums • Coniferophyta – trees with cones • Ginkgophyta - ginkgo • Angiosperms – flowering plants • Plants – Chapter 9-11 Seedless Non Vascular Plants 16 17 18 19 • 1. Do not have roots, stems, and leaves a. Have rhizoids - root-like filaments that hold mosses in place • 2. Size = 2 to 5 centimeters • 3. Grow on trees, rocks, damp ground, in between bricks and cracks • 4. Look like soft green carpet • 5. Reproduce using spores Importance of Mosses and Liverworts • first plants to grow in a new environment (after a fire) • spores are carried by the wind - just need water • • Rhizoids grow into the rocks Reproduction Alternation of Generation • Sporophyte - produces spores 1 3/5/2012 • Gametophyte - produces sex cells (sperm and egg) • 20 21 Moss Life Cycle p. 279 • 1. Spores are released from the sporophyte and land on the ground • 2. Spores sprout a thread-like structure • 3. A gametophyte grows from this thread-like structure • 4. Sperm and egg cells are produced by the gametophyte • 5. Sperm and egg combine to form a zygote. • 6. Zygote grows and divides to become an embryo • 7. Embryo develops into a sporophyte 22 Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular tissue • Long, tube-like cells that carry water, minerals, and nutrients to all cells of the plant Plants with vascular tissue can grow larger than plants without vascular tissue. • More efficient way of getting nutrients to the plant During the warm, moist Paleozoic Era (500 million years ago) some grew up to 100 feet tall 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Horsetails - Pioneers used them as scouring pads to scrub pots and pans Ferns • ) Ferns • The coal we use today comes from ferns that died millions of years ago Reproduction • All seedless vascular plants reproduce using spores (not seeds) - similar to the moss reproductive cycle 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Seed Plants • Characteristics of Seed Plants General Characteristics • 1. Have roots, stems, and leaves • 2. Have vascular tissue • 3. Reproduce using seeds • Divided into two groups based on how they produce seeds: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms • 4. The majority of plants are seed plants Examples of Seed Plants Other Examples include: • corn, beans, apples, oranges, peanuts Parts of a Plant • Roots, Stems and Leaves Roots are as large or larger than the rest of the plant Purpose of roots • 1. Absorb water and minerals • 2. Anchor plant into soil 2 3/5/2012 • 3. Store food (carrots and beets) Root System Root Hairs Purpose of Stems • 1. Supports the above ground portion of the plant (tree trunk) 39 40 41 Purpose of Stems • 2. Carries nutrients from roots to leaves • 3. Store food (potatoes and onions = underground stems) • Purpose of Leaves • 1. Trap sunlight for Photosynthesis Leaf Structures • stomata = pores that release water and oxygen • guard cells = control the opening and closing of stomata 42 43 44 45 Vascular Tissue • Xylem - carries minerals and water • Phloem - carries sugar 46 47 Gymnosperm Reproduction 48 49 Angiosperm Reproduction 50 51 52 53 54 55 • • • • 56 1 2 Stamen (anther and filament) Pistil (stigma, style, ovary, ovules) Petal Sepal • Match the Description to the Part 1. Female Reproductive Organ 2. Male Reproductive Organ 3. Carry Pollen 4. Colorful Parts of flower 5. Place where eggs are produced a. Petals b. Anther c. Ovule d. Stamen e. Pistil 57 58 59 There are Two Groups of Angiosperms • Scientists put Angiosperms into groups based on their vascular tissue, leaves, number of flower parts and seeds. 1. Monocots • parallel veins 3 3/5/2012 • • • • scattered vascular tissue flower parts occur in 3’s 1 seed leaf Corn, rice, wheat oats 60 61 2. Dicots • net like veins • vascular tissue in rings • flower parts in 4’s or 5’s • 2 seed leaves • Beans, Orange, Watermelon 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Most Shade trees like Maple, Oak and Elm are Dicots Monocot or Dicot?? Monocot or Dicot?? Evolution – Origin • Scientists study the DNA in plants to see how these plants may have evolved or changed over time DNA evidence suggests: • Gymnosperms - came from Ferns (350 MYA) • Angiosperms - did not exist until about 120 (MYA). • Most common plants today Germination Embryo + Endosperm = Seed Germination Time • Peas 8-12 days • Green Beans 6-8 days • Radishes 4-7 days • Sweet Corn 7-10 days • Green Onions ?? Overproduction Lab What are some foods that contain seeds? Tomatoes, peas, peaches, plums, grapes, apples, pears, strawberries, pineapples, green peppers, cucumbers 74 75 • a seed = a fertilized ovule – ovules are found in an ovary • A mature ovary is called a fruit All of the foods mentioned before were fruits because they contain seeds. 76 77 So Many Seeds!! • 1 pepper has 300 seeds • Season 1 – 300 plants • Season 2 – 300 plants x 6 peppers per plant x 300 seeds = 540,000 plants • Season 3 – 540000 x 6 x 300 = 972,000,000 plants • Season 4 • 972,000,000 x 6 x 300 = 1,749,600,000,000 plants 4 3/5/2012 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 • Why so many seeds? • • • Photosynthesis and Gas Exchange Plants need 3 nutrients to survive • Water • Carbon Dioxide • Oxygen How do they get water? • Roots How do they get Carbon Dioxide? • Through their stomata Plants need to get rid of wastes to survive • Water and Oxygen Transpiration • the loss of water through stomata • evaporation of water from a leaf Photosynthesis • process in which plants use energy from the sun to produce food (sugar) What do plants need to make food? • Light + CO2 + H2O = sugar + O2 Label Leaf Structures Light is trapped by chlorophyll and used to break apart water to combine with CO2 to form sugar. 90% of the oxygen in our atmosphere comes from Photosynthesis. Respiration Respiration in Plants 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 Stimulus • anything that causes a change in the behavior of an organism Tropism • the response of a plant to a stimulus Phototropism • a response in plants where they grow toward or away from light Topsy Turvy Gravitropism • a response in plants where they grow toward or away from gravity or the ground Auxin • a plant hormone that effects its growth • allows plants to bend toward light Ethylene Gas • a plant hormone that causes fruits to ripen Photoperiodism • a response of plants to the length of light and dark in a day Long-day • plants that require long days in order to bloom Short-day • plants that require short days in order to bloom 5 3/5/2012 103 104 Day-neutral • plants that aren’t sensitive to the length of day light When Would they Bloom? • Long-day = • Short-day = 105 106 107 A decrease in the amount of sunlight makes plants stop producing chlorophyll and gradually lose their color. In the spring when sunlight increases, chlorophyll is produced again and leaves grow and turn green. 6