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Transcript
HORMONES The Endocrine system • The foundations of the endocrine system are hormones and glands. • The major glands that make up the human endocrine system include the: • • • • • • hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid adrenal glands pancreas reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes) What is a gland? • A gland is a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. • A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them, and secretes the finished chemical product for use in the body • There are two types of glands: – Endocrine Gland: on the other hand, release more than 20 major hormones directly into the bloodstream – Exocrine Gland: Such as the sweat and salivary glands, release secretions in the skin or inside the mouth Endocrine system - Overview Pituitary Gland: (pronounced: puh-too-uhter-ee) called the "master gland" because it makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands Thyroid: (pronounced: thy-royd) Produces hormones that control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy Adrenal: (pronounced: uh-dree-nul) Triangular glands which cover the top of each kidney. The glands produce adrenaline and other hormones. Pancreas: (pronounced: pan-kree-us) produces and secretes digestive enzymes such as insulin and glucagon The Endocrine System Testes (Or Ovaries): Produce hormones that are related to sex, reproduction and sexual development (Puberty) What are Hormones? • The chemicals that are produced from the endocrine glands are called hormones. • Hormones regulate functions such as growth and development, water balance, sexual reproduction and the rate of chemical reactions in the cell. Endocrine system: Hormones How Hormones work • Hormones travel all around your body but only act on specific target cells. • Target cells only respond to particular hormones. • This is because hormones have specific shapes which fits chemically into a receptor on the target cell. • However hormones in blood are at very low concentrations, making them difficult to extract and isolate. Why Hormones? Fast Control Slow Control • Both the nervous system and the endocrine system are involved in response and control. • While the nervous system responds quickly, hormones take time. • It can take minutes, hours or days before a hormone reaches its peak concentration in the blood. Why Hormones? continued • This can be beneficial since not all responses need to be fast. • When a hormone affects a cell, the response is usually long lasting. • If hormones acted quickly then a continuous supply of the would be needed. • Hormones provide the ideal mechanism to control longer-term activities like reproduction, growth and development. Example: Small Brain, Big Testicles Small Brain Big Brain • A team of American scientists have discovered that if a male animal has big testicles, the more likely it has a small brain. • Testicles use a large amount of energy to produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. • The brain requires a large amount of energy too and the body doesn’t have enough for both. Response from both systems Something Scary Causes you to become Frightened • The nervous system sends a rapid response when you are frightened to cause an immediate and brief reaction. • The endocrine system releases Adrenalin which causes the following: • Increases breathing rate • Dilates your pupils Diverts blood to your muscles Increases your alertness The Pituitary is the “Master” gland 1. Name five (5) endocrine glands found in the human body. 2. What do endocrine glands do? 3. What happens to hormones after they have done their job? 4. Name one hormone produced for each of the glands named in question one. 5. When is adrenaline produced ? 6. List four (4) different changes that adrenaline causes in the body. 7. What is the role of insulin in the body? Where is it produced? 8. Name two (2) examples of ‘sex hormones’. List three (3) changes that these can cause. 10. What hormone is responsible for controlling your body rhythms such as sleeping? Case Study The table below shows the blood glucose (sugar) levels of two people after they each consumed 50g of glucose in a can of drink. Blood glucose level (mg/100 mL) Time after drinking glucose solution (minutes) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 Matthew Elly 86 110 140 115 90 80 84 85 85 85 125 170 190 210 210 200 180 145 Instructions 1. Plot Matthew and Elly’s data in one graph, putting time on the horizontal axis. 2. The hormone insulin is secreted from the pancreas. It causes glucose to be removed from the blood and stored in the liver as glycogen. In diabetes, either the pancreas does not manufacture enough insulin (Type I Diabetes) or the body does not respond to the insulin produced (Type 2 Diabetes). Which of these two people do you think may have diabetes? Explain your answer. 3. Why do you think the non-diabetic person’s blood glucose levels fall? 4. Why do you think the diabetic person’s blood glucose levels fall? (Think about the role of glucose in the body.) 5. People with type 1 diabetes inject insulin to make up for their body’s inability to produce it. Injected insulin takes about an hour to start working. When do you think the diabetic person should have injected insulin? Explain your answer.