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Lecture 9 Adjectives Adverbs and Adverbials Word Order Erik Smitterberg PhD, Docent, Senior Lecturer in English Linguistics Department of English [email protected] A1/T1/HS1 Grammar Autumn/Fall Term 2015 Adjectives I: What Adjectives Describe Adjectives typically describe nouns and pronouns The book was really good adjective adjective noun Crowds make me nervous pronoun adjective noun Have you seen my purple tie? Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English Adjectives as heads of noun phrases are a special case (see separate slides below) 2 Adjectives II: Functions Adjectives have three functions in English: S V Od Po S V Ps Crowds | make | me | nervous The book | was | really good 1. Predicative: head of a subject or object predicative Det Pre Head Post Det Pre Head the | small | bowl | on the desk my | purple | tie 2. Attributive: modifier (usually premodifier) in noun phrases Det Head Det Head the | unemployed the | supernatural 3. Head of a noun phrase (less often than in Swedish) Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English 3 Adjectives vs. Adverbs: Two Special Cases 1. Adjectives are used after as—as constructions and in as usual, if possible, etc. Go there as soon as possible! S V Ps = Go there as soon as it is possible for you to go there! 2. In English, adjectives are used after smell and taste intransitive verb adverb S V A Soppan | luktar | gott linking verb adjective S V Ps The soup | smells | good Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English 4 Adverbs I: What Adverbs Describe Adverbs typically describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and whole clauses adjective adverb He shook my hand briefly adverb adverb verb The shoes were extremely expensive adverb clause Sadly, he lost the game She shook my hand very briefly adverb Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English 5 Adverbs II: Functions Adverbs have three frequent functions in English: A S V Od S V Od A Sadly, | he | lost | the game He | shook | my hand | very briefly 1. Head of an adverbial modifier head The shoes were extremely expensive 2. Modifier of adjectives NP adjective phrase the | very cheap | shoes Det. Premod. Head 3. Modifier of adverbs modifier head He shook my hand very briefly Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English adverb phrase 6 Adjectives as Heads of Noun Phrases I 1. A group of people in a generic sense The rich are getting richer plural verb ‘rich people in general’ noun phrase Det Head the | rich 2. An abstract phenomenon in a Definite article despite generic sense generic reference! The unknown is often frightening Det Head ‘unknown things the | unknown singular verb in general’ noun phrase The of construction despite reference to people! the plight of the homeless Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English 7 Adjectives as Heads of Noun Phrases II Problem: adjectives with specific reference can be heads of noun phrases in Swedish but not in English *The unemployed has got a job Solutions with specific people: Den arbetslöse har fått jobb The unemployed person has got a job 2. Replace the adjective with a suitable noun 1. Insert a suitable head noun Det Pre Head The | unemployed | person noun Fem överlevande har hittats Five survivors have been found Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English Det Head Five | survivors noun 8 Adjectives as Heads of Noun Phrases III Solutions with specific situations: *The interesting was 1. Use a dependent what-clause that I never saw the bus What was interesting was that I never saw the bus Det intressanta var att jag aldrig såg bussen 2. Insert a The interesting thing was that I never saw the bus suitable head noun 3. Replace the adjective noun Det Pre Head with a suitable noun The | interesting | thing Det Head Post noun The | musicality | of Dylan’s songs The musicality of Dylan’s songs has been underestimated Det musikaliska i Dylans sånger har underskattats Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English 9 Adverbials and Word Order I: Initial Adverbials I Initial adverbials typically cause inversion in Swedish but not in English: S V Od A A V S Od Vi | spelade | rugby | i går I går | spelade | vi | rugby S V Od A A S V Od We | played | rugby | yesterday Yesterday | we | played | rugby Exception #1: inversion with initial adverbial, intransitive main verb, and stressed subject that is longer than the verb A V S Here | comes | the sun intransitive Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English stressed and longer than V 10 Adverbials and Word Order II: Initial Adverbials II Exception #2: After initial adverbials with negating or restricting meaning, the word order is auxiliary + subject + rest of verb phrase in English A V S Od Först nyligen | insåg | jag | sanningen A V S V Od Only recently | did | I | realize | the truth restricting or negating A in initial position 1 auxiliary + S + rest of VP (do is used if there is no other auxiliary) Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English 11 Adverbials and Word Order III: Some One-word Adverbials A number of one-word adverbials usually come before the finite verb form in English but sometimes after it in Swedish S V A Od Jag | har | aldrig | tillräckligt med tid S A V Od I | never | have | enough time S V A Ps A Exception #1: I | am | never | awake | before 7 a.m. Be as main verb S V A V Od I | have | never | seen | a total eclipse Exception #2: Auxiliary in VP Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English 12 Adverbials and Word Order IV: Adverbials in Dependent Clauses In Swedish but not in English, a complex adverbial can occur between S and the finite verb form in a dependent clause När jag efter flera år klarade provet var jag utfattig dependent clause S A V Od När | jag | efter flera år | klarade | provet A S V Od When, | after several years, | I | passed | the test S V Od A When | I | passed | the test | after several years Erik Smitterberg, PhD, Docent, Dept. of English 13