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Introduction to Psychology II:
Developmental and Social Psychology
Psychological therapies
Dr. Rachel Wu
Fall 2016
December 1, 2016
Research credits?
Lecture outline
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Office hours 2-3pm
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Review of types of disorders
Risk/protective factors
Different therapeutic approaches
• Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic therapies
• Behavior therapy
• Cognitive therapy
• Biomedical therapy
Resilience
Questions about the exam
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(adapted from Myers, 2010)
Review of types of disorders
American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)
Definition: Disturbance in an individual’s cognition,
emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction
in the psychological, biological, or developmental
processes underlying mental functioning.
Anxiety disorders: Phobias, social anxiety, panic disorder,
OCD, PTSD
Mood disorders: bipolar, depression
Schizophrenia
Personality, Dissociative, and Eating Disorders
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
11% of American 4- to 17-year-olds receive this
diagnosis after displaying its key symptoms (extreme
inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity)
Symptoms can be treated with medication and other
therapies.
Comorbidity
Is high energy a psychiatric disorder? Costs of longterm drug use in treating ADHD?
Psychological Disorder
Percentage
Generalized anxiety disorder
3.1
Social anxiety disorder
6.8
Phobia of specific object or situation
8.7
Depressive disorders or bipolar disorder
9.5
Obsessive - compulsive disorder (OCD)
1
Schizophrenia
1.1
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
3.5
Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
4.1
Dementia
Group of symptoms
seen in various
diseases (including
Alzheimer’s disease)
characterized by
impairment of at
least two brain
functions, such as
memory loss and
judgment
(Mayo Clinic, 2015)
Alzheimer’s disease
Most common cause of dementia
Accounts for 60- 80% percent of cases
5.2 million Americans (all ages) have Alzheimer's disease (2014):
5 million people (65+ years)
200,000 people (< 65 years)
~ 1/9, 11% of people over 65 have Alzheimer's disease
(Clicker) question
How many of you know someone with a
psychological/psychiatric disorder, who
has a ____ case:
a)
b)
c)
d)
mild
moderate
extreme
Don’t know anyone with a disorder
Risk factors
Risk Factors
• Academic failure
• Birth complications
• Caring for those who are
chronically ill or who have a
neurocognitive disorder
• Child abuse and neglect
• Chronic insomnia
• Chronic pain
• Family disorganization or conflict
• Low birth weight
• Low socioeconomic status
• Medical illness
• Neurochemical imbalance
Parental mental illness
• Parental substance abuse
• Personal loss and
bereavement
• Poor work skills and
habits
• Reading disabilities
• Sensory disabilities
• Social incompetence
• Stressful life events
• Substance abuse
• Trauma experiences
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Protective factors
Protective Factors
• Aerobic exercise
• Community offering empowerment,
opportunity, and security
• Economic independence
• Effective parenting
• Feelings of mastery and control
• Feelings of security
• Literacy
• Positive attachment and early
bonding
• Positive parent-child relationships
• Problem-solving skills
• Resilient coping with stress and
adversity
• Self-esteem
• Social and work skills
• Social support from family and friends
Therapeutic approaches
Different therapeutic approaches
Psychotherapy
Involves psychological techniques, e.g., trained
therapist talking through problems with client to
overcome difficulties and/or achieve personal growth
Cognitive therapy
Involves training cognitive abilities, especially with
cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease
Biomedical therapy
Involves treatment with medical procedures, e.g.,
medications prescribed by doctors
Psychodynamic therapy
Goals: To help people
understand current symptoms by
exploring and gaining
perspectives on thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors based on
drives and motivation
Techniques: Client-centered
face-to-face meetings; exploration
of past relationship troubles to
understand origins of current
difficulties
Psychoanalysis
Goals: To bring patients’ repressed
feelings into conscious awareness; to
help patients release energy devoted
to id-ego-superego conflicts so they
may achieve healthier, less anxious
lives.
Techniques: Historical reconstruction,
such as through hypnosis, free
association, transference, and
interpretation of dreams
Differences between psychoanalytic and
psychodynamic approaches
Psychodynamic therapy
Influenced by traditional psychoanalysis but differs from it in important ways
Differences
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Lack of belief in id, ego, and superego
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Briefer, less expensive, and more focused on helping the client find
relief from current symptoms
Similarity
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Helps clients understand how past relationships create themes that
may be acted out in present relationships
Interpersonal therapy
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Brief 12- to 16-session form of psychodynamic therapy that has been
effective in treating depression
Behavior therapy
Classical conditioning techniques
Counterconditioning: Uses classical conditioning to
evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering
unwanted behaviors
Exposure therapies: Treat anxieties by exposing people
(via imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear
and avoid (e.g., flooding)
Systematic desensitization: Associates a pleasant,
relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering
stimuli
Behavior therapy
Virtual reality therapy
Treats anxiety by creative electronic simulations in which
people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane
flying, spiders, or public speaking
Behavior therapy
Aversion therapy
Training negative responses to unwanted behavior
Behavior therapy
Operant conditioning therapy: behaviors strongly
influenced by their consequences
Behavior modification: Desired behavior reinforced;
undesired behavior not reinforced, sometimes punished
Token economy: People earn a token for exhibiting a
desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for
privileges or treats
Behavior therapy
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What happens when the
rewards end?
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Who decides what
behavior is appropriate?
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What is the most
humane treatment?
Group/family therapy
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Save time and money
Exploration of social behaviors and development of
social skills
Share problems with others in similar situations
Feedback from peers and therapist
Family as a system
Cognitive therapy
Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking;
based on the assumption that thoughts intervene
between events and our emotional reactions (e.g.,
reduce rumination)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Integrative therapy that
combines cognitive therapy
(changing self-defeating
thinking) with behavior
therapy (changing behavior)
Aims to alter the way they act
AND think
Helps people learn to make
more realistic appraisals
Cognitive interventions
Physical exercise
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Insomnia
Aging
Side effects
Mood disorders
Recovery time
and many more!
Biomedical therapy
Psychopharmacology
Drug effects on mind and
behavior
Clinical trials involve placebo
and double-blind techniques
Relatively “fast” effects, but
typically includes side effects
and builds dependency
Common drug treatments
• Antipsychotic
• Anti-anxiety
• Antidepressant
• Mood-stabilizing
• Attention deficit
Resilience
Preventing psych disorders by changing environment and building
“reserve” and personal strength
Can be seen in New Yorkers after 9/11, spinal cord injury patients,
Holocaust survivors, and many others
“Returning to baseline”
Mindfulness
• Awareness of the current situation and your current conscious
experience
• Opposite of ruminating, worrying, and being distracted
• The more mindful a person is, the happier they tend to be
• Easy to increase, somewhat effective
• Often linked with meditation
Optimism
• Expecting positive (vs. negative) outcomes
• The more optimistic a person is, the happier they tend to
be
• Very effective
• Somewhat difficult to increase
Self-esteem
• Evaluation of your worth
• The higher one’s self-
esteem, the happier
they tend to be
• Somewhat effective
• Difficult to increase
Pros and cons of different approaches
Take home messages?
Questions about the exam?