Download the smallest particle in nature and the

THE SMALLEST PARTICLE IN NATURE
AND
THE ILLUSION OF THE BINDING FORCE
Sing-Wang Cheng
243 Las Tunas, Dr. Arcadia, CA 91007 USA
[email protected]
Date: September 3, 2003
Abstract
All elements in the nature are produced from two materials which are Tei+ and Tei-. They are both
static mass: positron is produced from Tei+, while electron is produced from Tei-; and atoms are
constructed from positron and electron. Tei+ combine with Tei- will produce the smallest energy particle
Tei0. Tei0 will accumulate and become big energy particles such as photon.
There are four different types of force in nature: electric force, gravitational force, big force and
magnetic force. These four different types of forces and the entire physical phenomenon in these forces
are related to the characteristics of the dipole moment of the smallest unit energy particle “Tei0/ether”.
This smallest unit energy particle Tei0/ether is continuously radiating from all substances.
Normally the radiations of Tei0 are isotropic in all direction, and the repellent momentum of Tei0 line is
balance in all direction. However, under certain condition the directions of the radiation will be interrupted
by other coming Tei0 line, and the radiation will be un-isotropic. The repellent momentum of the mother
body will be unbalanced and this mother body will have the tendency to move toward or away from the
direction of coming Tei0 line. This phenomenon gives a false illusion of binding force exists in nature.
Introduction.
From study in radiation of black body, Wien’s displacement law states that the value of the wavelength
associated with the energy maximum in the spectrum is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature,
i.e., λmaxT= constant.
Thus, the wavelength λmax is a function of temperature T.
An improved new
relationship from emitting wavelength and associated temperature T can be written as
F (T ) = λ n =
1
μm
T
(
) 2 + (9.8 × 10 −9 )
2897.8
(1)
In order not to confuse with λmax, which is generally used with the calculated wavelength, we will use λn as
the maximum wavelength calculated from equation 1. A comparison of the calculated data λn and the
actual data λmax taken from the experimental data Ref 1 is shown in table 1. At the temperature absolute
zero, molecular motion vanishes and the body will have no heat energy. However, when the body is
close to absolute zero →0, it will have a last energy particle to eliminate from mother body prior to it seize
any movement and reach the temperature of absolute zero.
The wavelength of this last particle is
-2
1.010152545x10 m, which is calculated from equation 1.
Hypothesis 1.
Tei0/ether is neutral in charge; it is made from Tei+ and Tei-. The particles Tei+ and Tei- are static,
thus they are static mass (Ms).
Tei0/ether is a unit (particle) of momentum mass (Mo) or energy mass,
it’s always moving with an absolute speed of photon (light).
a. Tei0/ether is neutral in charge, it is made from Tei + and Tei-. The particles Tei+ and
Tei- are static, thus they are static mass (Ms).
They are stationary unless they are
carried by momentum mass (Mo).
b. Tei+ and Tei- when they are separated, they are both static mass. They will both
keep in stationary without any movement. However, when they are combined into
Tei0, the Tei0 will also bear the characteristic of momentum and will also become the
momentum mass (Mo) which is similar to an energy particle with the energy keeping
it in movement.
c.
Tei0 will have a characteristic of dipole moment; they are binding as fig 1.
1
d. Tei+ or Tei-; each of their mass is one half of Tei0 and they have positive and
negative charge respectively. The mass of Tei + is 1.09421881 x 10-40 kg with the
positive charge of +1.9245343x10-29C: the mass of Tei- is also 1.09421881 x 10-40 kg
with the negative charge of -1.9245343x10-29C.
e. Tei+ and Tei- can combine to become Tei0. Tei0 can also reverse and break into Tei
+ and Tei-. This reversible reaction is under some special condition.
Tei0 ↔ Tei+ + Tei-
Hypothesis 2.
From the wavelength of last radiation particle, the weight of the energy particle can be calculated.
This particle should be the smallest energy particle.
1.227390703 x 10
-4
This smallest energy particle with its mass
eV is corresponding to 2.18843762 x 10-40 kg. From hereafter, lets denote this
particle as “Tei Zero” or name it to be “ether” and let the symbol to be “Tei0”. Tei0 is neutral in charge.
This particle Tei0 bears two types of characteristics where one characteristic is Tei0 is a momentum mass
with the characteristics similar to photon where it will move without rest; (photon has no momentum while
Tei0 does have momentum). The characteristic of Tei0 does have momentum similar to the static mass
(when it moves) because of its characteristics of dipole moment. Thus, Tei0 have both kind of natures,
i.e., static and momentum mass.
Rule of momentum energy:
Static mass (Ms) will move if it is carried by momentum mass (Mo). Momentum
energy of a static mass (Ms) is of the form
M oC 2 = 1 M s v 2 + M ov 2
2
(2)
Or
M o C 2 = 1 M s v 2 + 0.99906667 M o v 2
2
(3)
where v is the velocity of Ms and C is the speed of light.
For particle traveling at a very high speed (or approaching speed of light), equation 3
is preferred with higher accuracy. For example, a proton under 500 Giga-eV, its
calculated speed is 0.999998C from equation 3. Compare this result with an actual
experimental test data, where the speed of proton is 99.9998% of the speed of light.
REF 2
2
Hypothesis 3.
Tei0 can accumulate to be any size of a big sand ball like particle, or any size of energy particle at
special condition as accumulated on the surface of the static mass. Any energy ball can be accumulated
by the surface of static mass. Energy particle are trapped around the static mass in a similar way as
satellites orbiting around the Earth with different heights and will continue to travel with the speed of
photons restless. The densities of trapped energy particles on the surface of Ms can be indicated by the
temperature of that substance. The hotter the temperature is, the higher the density of energy particle is
accumulated. When the sum of the vector of the movement of this energy particle is zero, the density of
the energy particle will indicate the temperature. Where the sum of the vector of the movement of the
particle is not zero, the unbalanced vector of energy particle will indicate its momentum energy.
There are four kinds of forces between two static mass.
I. Electric force
Fe = K
q1 q 2
L2
(4)
Static mass always radiate Tei0, Tei0 is a dipole unit, e+ radiates the positive side of Tei0 in front while eradiates the negative side in front as shown in fig 2. The nature of different front side will show the
positive or negative electric field
In nature, there are no mechanisms for binding. There are no binding forces.
Any static mass
will radiates Tei0 continuously and isotropically in all directions. The amount of radiation will be constant
but its direction of radiation will be influenced by another coming Tei0 radiation line which radiated from
another static mass. Thus, the radiation of Tei0 will not be uniform in all directions of mother body
because of uneven radiation of Tei0 in all of the direction. The resultant repellent momentum of Tei0 will
be anisotropic and the mother body will have tendency to move due to the uneven repellent momentum
which created by uneven directional radiations of Tei0 radiated from the mother body itself, which is
similar to the air jet pushing the mother body to move.
The direction of the radiation of Tei0 will be influenced by other coming Tei0 radiation line.
1. When a positive charge static mass radiates positive front Tei0 line, it will be influenced by
coming negative front Tei0 line causing the positive front radiating to be more concentrate
to parallel to coming Tei0 line. Thus, the radiation of Tei0 will concentrate to one direction
(the direction is opposite of the coming mother body), and the momentum of Tei0 will not be
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balanced in all directions of the mother body. This unbalanced of momentum of Tei0 will
cause the mother body to have an unbalanced repellent momentum with the tendency for
the mother body to move toward the mother body of the coming Tei0 line. This is the
illusion that a binding force exists between two mother bodies.
2. When a positive charge static mass radiates positive front Tei0 line encounters a coming
positive front Tei0 line, it will cause the emitting of the positive radiating front Tei0 line on
the opposite side of the coming mother body to disperse away from original direction. This
again causing the momentum to be unbalanced and the repellent momentum to be in a
less than an uniform conditions, which creates a tendency for the mother body to move
away from the mother body of the coming Tei0 line. This gives the illusion that repellent
force exists between two mother bodies.
3. When the negative charged static mass radiates negative front Tei0 line encounters a
negative front Tei0 line from another mother body, it will act similar to the situation 2
indicated above and causing the mother body with the tendency to move away from the
mother body of the coming Tei0 line.
4. When the negative charged static mass radiates negative front Tei0 line encounters a
positive front Tei0 line from another mother body, it will act similar to the situation 1 stated
above and causing the mother body with the tendency to move towards the mother body of
the coming positive front Tei0 line.
II. Gravitational force
Fg = G
m1 m2
L2
(5)
Since there are no binding mechanisms for any force, gravitational force is similar to the four
type of repellent momentum in the electric force. When the repellent momentum with tendency for
mother body to move toward the mother body of the coming Tei0 line (situations I and IV) is larger
than the repellent momentum with the tendency for mother body to move away from the mother
body of the coming Tei0 line (situations II and III), the difference of the repellent momentum will have
the tendency for the two bodies to move towards each other which will give a illusion of binding force
between the two body. This illusion of binding force is what we called the gravity.
4
Gravitational field is a combination of positive electric field and negative electric field. Both
the positive and negative electric field will coexist; they will not eliminate each other. The density of
complex field will show in gravitational field as shown in fig 2. Gravitation field of many particle of
static mass in one space, the density of its absolute gravitational field is a summation of all of them
without considering their vector nature. When a photon travels through this space, its index will
depend on the density of complex gravitation (i.e., the complex of electric field). The density of
absolute gravitation is higher; the speed of photon will be slower. Although, the nature of the
absolute gravitation will consider its density of complex field without consider its vector. However
when calculating gravitational force, we should consider the balance of their vector.
As photon travels thru glass, water, or permutable substance, its velocity will be slowed down
because its density of absolute gravitational field is higher. Thus, a photon travels in the outer
space should be faster than on the surface of earth, because the density of absolute gravitation field
in outer space is much less than that on the surface of earth.
III. Big force:
When two mother bodies are very close to each other, where the energy particle (or Tei0)
accumulating zone surrounding the mother body overlapping from one another, tei0 will not be
emitted in the overlapping zone. This affect causes the radiation of the tei0 to be anisotropic which
will create an unbalanced repelling momentum. This unbalanced repelling momentum will cause
both mother bodies with the tendency to move closer to each other. This tendency for the two
mother bodies to move towards each other is much larger than in the case of gravitational force.
Hypothesis 4.
Big force is related to a constant KB and both of the mass of their particle and reverse of 4.8 power
B
of its distance:
FBF = K B
m1 m2
L4.8
(6)
Where KB is a constant for Big force: KB= 5.063988038 X 10-9 Nm4.8/kg2
B
B
IV. Magnetic force:
Hypothesis 5.
Tei0 is produced from both Tei+ and Tei- and it will have characteristics of dipole moment as fig 1.
5
For a flow of electric current, the surrounding electric field will fluctuate between the strong and weak
electric field causing the Tei0 with dipole moment to spin as fig 3. If electric current is from right to left,
the Tei0 will spin clockwise, at the upper position of the electric rope its torque will face down to the paper
as fig 3. This torque will create magnetic field or itself is magnetic field. Tei0 has characteristic nature
of dipole moment, its dipole moment P is:
Radius of Tei- = 2.81794 x 10-15 (1.0942 x 10-40 / 9.10938 x 10-31)1/3 = 1.3904 x 10-18m
P = q x L = 1.9245343 x 10-29C x 2 x 1.3904 x 10-18m = 5.35174 x 10-47 mC
T=PxE
To study this torque, the phenomenon of magnetic force will be cleared
A current of electricity which will cause magnetic mother body to radiate spinning Tei0, which will
become the magnetic line. When the spinning Tei0 line of a magnetic mother body connects with other
spinning coming Tei0 line, it will influent this mother body to radiate an unbalanced Tei0 radiation. This
unbalanced Tei0 radiation will cause the tendency for the two mother bodies to move closer or repel
away.
P.S. energy particle of photon are combined particle of Tei0, particle which combine with more than
two Tei0 will not have the characteristics of dipole moment.
Hypothesis 6.
Positrons and electrons are static mass produced from Tei+ and Tei-, both of them are similar in
nature, therefore we will only discuss the situation of electron particle. Electron is formed from Teiparticles which combine like a sand ball. Big gravitational force is responsible for holding these Teiparticles together to become an electron. To construct electron, magnetic force is not exist. Normal
gravitational force is too small without consideration. Because Tei- has negative charge, the repelling
force Fe exists when forming the electron. Tei- also is a static mass and big force FBF is the mechanism
to bind Tei- together to become this big sand ball “electron”. Electron is billion times of Tei-.
The
equilibrium of Fe and FBF can build the electron and limit the electron to be constant size. At the time Fe
= FBF, the surface of the electron should be the equilibrium point with its radius (Re) is 2.81794x10-15m,
RTei = 1.3904 x 10-18m.
6
The electric repellent force between Tei- and e- is:
= 8.98753948Nm2/c2 x 109 x 1.602176482 x 10-19C x 1.9245343 x 10-29C / (2.8193304 x
Fe
10-15)2m2
=3.48646148 x 10-9 N
For big force, the binding force between Tei- and e- is
Constant of KB=5.063988038 X 10-9 Nm4.8/kg2
B
FBF
= KB x Me x MTei- x (1 / (Re + RT) 4.8)
B
= 5.063988038 X 10-9 Nm / kg2 x 9.10938x10-31kg x 1.094219 x 10-40 kg / (2.8193304 x
10-15)4.8m4.8 = 3.48646148 x 10-9N
From above, electric repellent force and big force are equal. They are equal on the surface of the
electron. It will be clear why electron is always kept in a constant size.
It is further noted that the positron and electron always remain in a constant size when they are
alone. However, if they are combined or bonded together, neither positron nor electron will keep its size
in unity; where the amount of charge disappeared for both positron and electron when they are bonded or
combined together is always equal. Thus, the charge of combined particle will always be in whole
number.
To further explaining the change of the size of the positron and electron when they are
combined or boned together; lets take two positrons and one electron and combine them together where
the net charge of the combination is 1+. First take one positron and bond 1/3 with the electron. The
size of positron and electron both reduces 1/3. Now take another positron and again bond 1/3 with the
electron.
Again, the size of both electron and the positron reduces by 1/3.
Now let’s look at the
combination of the two positrons and one electron. The size of both positrons has reduced to 2/3 and
the size of the electron has reduced to only 1/3 of its original size (refer to figure 4 and figure 5). The
final result will give this combination a net charge of 1+; i.e. 2(1-1/3) + [-(1-2/3)] = 1+.
Once this
combination is formed, in order to break it apart, a sufficient amount of energy or Tei0 particle is required
to add into the combination to break it back to its original size. How much energy or Tei0 is required to
add into the combination is exactly equal to the amount of reduction each positron and electron has
reduced. Once enough Tei0 is added into the combination, both positron and electron will regain its
original size and break apart from each other to become two independent particles. This shows why in
nature electric charge is always in a unity for all of the elementary particle from nuclear. This concept
can be used to introduce to the structure of the proton, neutron, etc. In nuclear decay the elementary
7
particle might not be elementary. The known existing elementary particle may very well be just a chip of
the proton.
The Tei0 only can separate to be Tei+ and Tei- under very strong complex of positive and negative electric
field.
Electromagnetic wave is an energy particle carrying either Tei+ or Tei-, only with one unit of Tei+ or Tei -.
The ratio of MTei+ / Mo or MTei- / Mo will decide the speed of the electromagnetic wave, frequency, and
wavelength of this wave; thus the bigger the MT / Mo the lower the frequency of the wave. The speed of
electromagnetic wave may be calculated from equation 2 or 3.
Since the photon is a sand ball of Tei0, it may decay gradually. Although its half-life may be very long,
nonetheless, it will decay. The photon’s half-life will be related to the density of the absolute gravitational
field of the rout traveled. When the density is lower, the half-life of photon will be longer. The light
coming from far planets that travels so many years and may change its size of photon particle and its
frequency may decrease. So its line spectra may shift from short wavelength to longer one. Thus, the
concepts of those planets are parting from earth base on the line spectra of light that came from far
planets should be questioned.
The concept above will clarify many of the current physical phenomenons.
Reference:
[1] David R. Lide 2001 CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics 82nd edition (New York: CRC Press)
[2] Kenneth W. Ford 1974 Classical and modern physics volume 1, 2 & 3 (Lexington, Massachusetts:
Xerox College Publishing)
8
Table 1
T/K
λmax
λn (μ)
10000
0.29
0.28978
5000
0.58
0.57956
1000
2.898
2.8978
500
5.796
5.795599
400
7.244
7.244498
300
9.659
9.659329
200
14.489
14.48899
100
28.978
28.97788
50
57.955
57.95505
10
289.6608
50
579.5505
3
961.5473
2
1434.222
1
2785.454
→0
10101.53
λmax: Data from radiation of black body in the handbook of physics and chemistry Ref1
λ(n): results from equation 1
Equation
λn =
1
μ
T
(
) 2 + (9.8 × 10 −9 )
2897.8
9
Figures
F ig u re 1
T ei
+
+
x
T ei
+
x
+
+
e+
T ei
+
+
T ei
+
F ig u re 3
F ig u re 2
10
1
1+
1+
2/3 1/3 2/3
+
+
Total Charge = 1+
Reverse Operation
Add Energy or Tei0 particle to break it apart.
2/3 1/3 2/3
+
1+
+
1
1+
Total Charge = 1+
Figure 4
11
1-A
+
A
A
1-A -B
B
B
1-B
+
((1-A )+ (A ))+ ((-A )+ (-(1-A -B ))+ (-B ))+ ((B )+ (1-B ))= 1+
E nergy E m ition
(T ei+ ) + (Tei-) (T ei0)
or P hoton
1-A
(1-A )+ (-(1-A -B ))+ (1-B )= 1+
1-A -B
+
1-B
+
TotalC harge = 1+
R everse O peration
A dd E nergy or Tei0 particle to break itapart.
E nergy added P hoton or
(T ei0)
(Tei+ )+ (T ei-)
T ei+ w illadd to the e+ side
and Tei- w ill add to the e- side
1-A
(1-A )+ (-(1-A -B ))+ (1-B )= 1+
1-A
+
A
+
A
1-A -B
1-A -B
1-B
+
B
((1-A )+ (A ))+ ((-A )+ (-(1-A -B ))+ (-B ))+ ((B )+ (1-B ))= 1+
TotalC harge = 1+
Fig u re 5
12
B
1-B
+