Download Biol 1406 Exam 4 Outline (Chapters 12-14

Biol 1406 Exam 4 Outline
(Chapters 12-14)
Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle
The Key roles of cell division
12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
Cellular organization of the genetic material (genome, chromosome, chromatin, somatic cells and
gamates )
Distribution of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division (and terms: sister chromatids,
centromere)
Eukaryotic cell division consists of mitosis and cytokinesis
12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
Phases of the cell cycle (and the percentage that each phase takes during a cell cycle)
The subphases of interphase ( and what does cell do during each subphases)
The subphases of mitosis and what’s happening during each subphases’
Mitotic spindle (what is the makeup, what is the function and how they behave during cell cycle)
Cytokinesis (animal cells and plant cells)
Binary fission in bacteria
12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system
The cell cycle control system
They cell cycle clock: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
Stop and go signs: internal and external signals at the checkpoints (what do they do)
Loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells
Chapter 13 Meiosis and sexual life cycle
Terms (heredity, variation and genetics)
13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes)
Inheritance of genes (terms: gene, gametes, somatic cells, locus)
Comparison of asexual and sexual reproduction
13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
What is life cycle
Sets of chromosomes in human cells ( chromosome numbers, what are karyotype, homologous
chromosomes, sex chromosomes and autosomes, the female and male chromosome makeup;
what is diploid cell; what is the diploid number of human cell; what is haploid, and what is the
haploid number for human)
Behavior of chromosome sets in the human life cycle ( and what are fertilization and zygote)
The variety of sexual life cycles (the three main types of sexual life cycles; how meiosis and
fertilization alternate in each type, and representative organisms)
13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
The stage of meiosis (details of meiosis I and II)
Crossing over and synapsis during prophase
A comparison of mitosis and meiosis ( events that are unique to meiosis)
13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
Origins of genetic variation among offspring ( three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation)
The evolutionary significance of genetic variation within population
Chapter 14 Mendel and the gene idea
14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
Mendel’s experimental, quantitative approach
Advantage of using peas (and the terms: character, trait, true-breeding, hybridization, P
generation, F1 and F2 generation)
The law of segregation (Mendel’s model (four concepts that make up the model))
What does law of segregation state?
How to use Punnett square to calculate the genotype and phenotype ratios in offspring?
Useful genetic vocabulary (dominant, recessive, allele. Homozygotes, heterozygotes, phenotype
and genotype)
How to do a testcross to identify the genotype of an individual that has a dominant phenotype
The laws of independent assortment
Terms: monohybrid and monohybrid cross, dihybrid and dihybrid cross
14.2 Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance
The multiplication and addition rules applied to monohybrid crosses
Solving complex genetics problems with the rules of probability
14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics
Extending Mendelian Genetics for a single gene
Degrees of dominance (complete dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance)
The relation between dominance and phenotype
Multiple alleles
Pleiotrophy
Extending Mendelian Genetics for two or more genes (epistasis and polygenic inheritance)
The environment impact on phenotype
14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian pattern of inheritance
Pedigree analysis
Recessively inherited disorders (The behavior of recessive allele; Cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell
disease)
Dominantly inherited disorders (Achondroplasia and Huntington’s disease)
Multifactorial disorders
Genetic testing and counseling (counseling based on Mendelian genetics and probabilities rules),
tests for identifying carriers; fetal testing and newborn screening)