Download Histology Hormones

HYPOPHYSIS – PITUITARY
HYPOPHYSIS
REGIONS
HORMONE
Growth
HormoneGH
ACTH
TSH
FSH
PARS DISTALIS
EFFECT
Stimulates protein synthesis and growth.
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce the
glucocorticoids.
Stimulates the thyroid the produce and secrete
thyroxin.
In females, stimulates the development of follicles in
the ovary and their production of estrogen.
In males, stimulates spermatogenesis.
In females, stimulates ovulation, the formation of the
corpus luteum and the production of progesterone by
the corpus luteum.
LH (ICSH)
MSH
In males, stimulates the production of testoterone by
the interstitial cells.
In females, stimulates the production of milk by
mammary gland.
No known effect.
ADH
Stimulates the kidneys to retain water.
Prolactin
PARS INTERMEDIA
PARS NERVOSA
Oxytocin
In females, stimulates contraction during parturition and
milk ejection by the mammary glands.
THYROID GLAND
HORMONE
Throxin
Calcitonin
EFFECT
Controls the BMR (basal metabolic rate – cell respiration)
Stimulates growth and development.
Stimulates deposition of calcium into bone (by the osteoclasts).
PARATHYROID GLAND
HORMONE
PTH
EFFECT
Promotes an increase in calcium ion concentration in the blood by
activating the osteoclasts in bones and stimulating the kidneys to
reabsorb calcium.
PANCREAS
HORMONE
Insulin
Glucagon
EFFECT
Stimulates cellular uptake of glucose and the formation of glycogen and
fat
Stimulates cellular hydrolysis (breakdown) of glycogen.
Created by Jason C. Nielson on 11/27/99 Tri 1
ADRENAL GLAND
HORMONE
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
EFFECT
Acts on the kidneys and their retention of Na+ (ultimate result is
retention of water).
Acts to make sugar available for cellular respiration during stress.
“fight or flight” hormone causes increase in heart rate, heart output,
blood pressure, respiratory rate, metabolic rate.
THYMUS
HORMONE
Thymosin
EFFECT
Appears to be essential in the proper development of the immune
system.
PINEAL GLAND
HORMONE
Melatonin
EFFECT
Produced in greatest amounts at night, health food stores sell this as a
sleep aid to minimize jet lag. May influence gonadal development.
OVARY*
HORMONE
Estrogens
EFFECT
Secreted by the developing follicles – it influences maturation of the sex
organs and development of secondary sex characteristics in females
and effects growth of the endometrium of the uterus during the
menstrual cycle.
Progesterone
Secreted by the corpus luteum – it influences the development of the
endometrium.
*see the pituitary hormones FSH and LH as they influence the production of the estrogen and
progesterone
TESTIS*
HORMONE
Testosterone
EFFECT
Secreted by the interstititial cells – in males it influences the
development and maintenance of sex organs and development of
secondary sex characteristics.
* see the pituitary hormone LH for its effect on the production of testosterone and FSH for its
effect on spermatogenisis
Created by Jason C. Nielson on 11/27/99 Tri 1
HYPOPHYSIS – PITUITARY
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone:
Gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults.
Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone:
Pituitary dwarfism – if the condition occurs during childhood, slows long bone growth.
Those with this condition are usually under 4 feet in height but are normally proportioned.
Hyposecretion of ADH:
Diabetes insipidus – polyuria, polydipsia, severe ionic imbalances.
THYROID GLAND
Hyperthyroidism:
Graves’s disease, considered an autoimmune disease, shows elevated metabolic rate,
excessive perspiration, rapid, irregular heartbeat, nervousness and weight loss.
Exopthalmos: protrusion of the eyeballs caused by edematous tissue behind the eyes.
Hypothyroidism:
Cretinism (infantile hypothyroidism) – slows stunted growth, thickened facial features,
abnormal bone development and mental retardation.
Myxedema – low metabolic rate, lethargy, weight gain, increase in body fluids.
Goiter – abnormal growth of thyroid gland.
PARATHYROID GLAND
Hyperparathyroidism:
Demineralization of bone resulting in possible bone deformity and fracture, and stones in
the urinary tract.
Hypoparathyroidism:
Decreased plasma calcium levels which can lead to severe muscle tetany.
PANCREAS
Hyperinsulinism:
Hypoglycemia – resulting in lack of glucose delivery to the brain causing disorientation,
unconsciousness and even death (usually the result of an overdose of insulin).
Hypoinsulinism:
Type I Diabetes (insulin – dependent diabetes mellitus)- elevated glucose levels in the
blood and urine. Over time diabetics experience vascular and neural problems.
Secondarily, poor circulation may lead to gangrene, blindness, kidney damage and
impotence.
Type II Diabetes – while occurring later in life, the conditions and problems that
accompany Type I diabetes occur here as well.
Created by Jason C. Nielson on 11/27/99 Tri 1
ADRENAL GLAND
Hypersecretion of corticosteroids:
Cushing’s syndrome – change in carbohydrate and protein metabolism resulting in a
puffy appearance. In extreme cases, change such as “buffalo hump” and “moon face”
occur.
Hypersecretion of epineephrine and norepinephrine:
Hypertension, hyperglycemia, nervousness, sweating. Complete exhaustion occurs.
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids:
Addison’s Disease – hypoglycemia, sodium and potassium imbalance, dehydration,
hypotension, and rapid weight loss. Death occurs with lack of treatment.
THYMUS
Not responsible for any effects of hypo or hyper secretion of thymosin.
PINEAL
Not responsible for any effects of hypo or hyper secretion of melatonin.
OVARY
Not responsible for any effects of hypo or hyper secretion of estrogen or progesterone.
TESTIS
Not responsible for any effects of hypo or hyper secretion of testosterone.
Created by Jason C. Nielson on 11/27/99 Tri 1