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Test 19: Explanations to Writing Section 6 1. Explanation for Correct Answer C. Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the comma-splice error of the original by replacing the main verb “fall” with a phrase (“by falling...”) that modifies the verb “caused.” Choice (A) involves a comma splice. Two independent clauses (“A recent report indicates . . . year” and “they fall asleep at the wheel”) are joined by only a comma. Choice (B) results in improper subordination. The first clause (“sleep-deprived drivers caused more than 100,000 accidents last year”) is the result of the second clause (“they fall asleep at the wheel”). The conjunction “and” does not adequately show this cause-and-effect relationship. Choice (D) results in improper coordination. The coordinating conjunction “and” should be replaced with the preposition “by” to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship. Choice (E) results in a comma splice. Two independent clauses (“A recent report indicates...year” and “they were falling asleep at the wheel”) are joined by only a comma. 2. Explanation for Correct Answer C. Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the awkwardness and redundancy of the original by eliminating the unnecessary verb “being.” Choice (A) involves awkwardness and redundancy. The verb form “being” is awkward and unnecessary and should be deleted. Choice (B) results in improper subordination. It is not clear what the adverb “mainly” is meant to modify. The relative pronoun “which” is needed instead, to indicate why the depths of the Arctic Ocean are hard to study (“... as a result of the icy surface, which is difficult to penetrate using current techniques”). Choice (D) results in awkward, unidiomatic phrasing. The phrase “are hard studying” is awkward and unidiomatic. The sentence requires the infinitive form of the verb, “to study,” instead. In addition, the word “from” is not idiomatic in this context. The word “because” should be used instead, to indicate a cause-effect relationship (“because the icy surface is difficult to penetrate”). Choice (E) results in an error in verb form. The sentence requires the infinitive form of the verb, “to study.” In addition, the gerund “being” requires that the noun “surface” be in the possessive form (“the icy surfaceʼs being difficult to penetrate”). 3. Explanation for Correct Answer B. Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the sentence-fragment error of the original by providing a past-tense plural verb phrase (“were caused”) as the action of the subject “fires.” Choice (A) involves a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the subject “fires,” only the subordinate clause “that occurred last summer” and the awkward modifying phrase “which were because people are careless.” Choice (C) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the subject “fires,” only the subordinate clause “that occurred last summer” and the dependent clause that begins with “because.” Choice (D) results in a verb-tense error. The phrase “last summer” indicates an action that occurred in the past, so the present-tense verb “are” is inappropriate. Choice (E) results in vague, awkward phrasing. The verb phrase “happened from” does not clearly indicate a cause-and-effect relationship between forest fires and peopleʼs carelessness. In addition, the phrase “that occurred last summer” followed by “happened” is repetitive. 4. Explanation for Correct Answer C. Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the verb-tense error of the original by using the simple past-tense verb “disproved” (as indicated by the past-tense verb “showed”). Choice (A) involves inappropriate verb tense. The past perfect tense (“has disproved”) is used to indicate an action that is ongoing; however, the clause that begins with “when” indicates an action completed in the past (“when she showed...”). The past-tense verb “disproved” should be used instead. Choice (B) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence, only the participial phrase “having disproved.” Choice (D) involves inconsistent verb tense that results in an illogical statement. The action of the sentence takes place in the past (“when she showed . . .”), so the main verb in the sentence should be in the past tense (“disproved”). Choice (E) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence, only the participle “disproving.” 5. Explanation for Correct Answer E. Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the coordination error of the other options by providing an appropriate conjunction (“however”) to indicate a contrast between the first and second independent clauses. Choice (A) involves improper coordination. There is a contrast between the clause “We generally think of Canada as the northern neighbor of the United States” and the clause “more than half of the states extend farther north...” The conjunction “and” does not establish this contrast and should be replaced with a conjunction such as “however,” which shows contrast and correctly joins the two independent clauses. Choice (B) results in improper coordination and wordiness. The conjunction “and” does not adequately Page 1 of 11 Test 19: Explanations to Writing establish contrast between the first and second clauses. In addition, “it is the case that” is unnecessary and should be deleted. Choice (C) results in faulty sentence structure. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the second independent clause, only the participle “extending.” Choice (D) results in an illogical phrase. It does not make sense to say that the states “are extending” as if the extending is a continuing action or the states are in the process of extending. It is more appropriate to say that the states “extend.” can logically refer. Choice (C) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence, only the participle “being.” Choice (D) results in illogical modification. It does not make sense to describe scientists as “A cure for some kinds of cancer.” Choice (E) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence, only the modifying phrase “which, some scientists believe, may be found...” 6. Explanation for Correct Answer A. 9. Explanation for Correct Answer E. Choice (A) is correct. It avoids the errors of the other options by providing the present-tense plural verbs “begin” and “culminate,” which are actions completed by the plural subject (“volumes”). Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the errors of the original by providing a phrase (“elegant because of its melodious final movement”) that is parallel with the phrase that precedes it (“confusing because of its unusual structure”) and is coordinated with the phrase “called it,” and a conjunction (“but”) that logically contrasts the two opposing ideas. Choice (B) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence, only the relative clause that begins with “that.” Choice (C) results in a lack of parallelism and an error in sentence structure. The two verb forms (“have begun” and “culminating”) are not parallel, and the participle “culminating” cannot serve as a main verb. Choice (D) results in a sentence fragment. The participles “beginning” and culminating” modify the subject “volumes,” but neither is a main verb that can serve to carry out the action of the sentence. Choice (E) involves unidiomatic, confusing phrasing. The verb phrase “are begun” is not idiomatic. In addition, it does not make sense to say that the memoirs “are begun as a child.” 7. Explanation for Correct Answer D. Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the modification error of the original by changing the modifying phrase (“Dressed in a crisp, clean uniform”), which cannot logically modify the subject “it,” to the subject of the sentence (“The crisp, clean uniform”). Choice (A) involves illogical modification. It does not make sense to say that “it” would be “Dressed in a crisp, clean uniform.” Choice (B) results in illogical modification. It does not make sense to say that “the efficient manner of the tour guide” was “Dressed in a crisp, clean uniform.” Choice (C) results in a sentence fragment. There is no subject to carry out the action of the sentence. Choice (E) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence. 8. Explanation for Correct Answer A. Choice (A) is correct. It avoids the errors of the other options by providing logical modification, specific language, and a main verb to make a complete sentence. Choice (B) results in illogical pronoun reference. There is nothing in this sentence to which the pronoun “they” Choice (A) involves errors in parallelism and coordination. In this sentence, the phrase “called it” requires parallel phrases joined by a logical conjunction. The phrase “its melodious final movement makes it elegant” is not parallel with “confusing because of its unusual structure” and does not coordinate with the phrase “called it” (“called it . . . its melodious final movement makes it”). Choice (B) results in a lack of parallelism. The phrase “by having its melodious final movement” is not parallel with the phrase that precedes it (“because of its unusual structure”) and results in an awkward sentence. Choice (C) results in errors in parallelism and coordination. In this sentence, the phrase “called it” requires parallel phrases joined by a logical conjunction. The phrase “it is elegant with its melodious final movement” is not parallel with “confusing because of its unusual structure” and does not coordinate with the phrase “called it” (“called it . . . it is elegant”). Choice (D) results in errors in parallelism and coordination. In this sentence, the phrase “called it” requires parallel phrases joined by a logical conjunction. The phrase “while having a melodious final movement” is not parallel with “confusing because of its unusual structure” and does not coordinate with the phrase “called it” (“called it . . . while having”). 10. Explanation for Correct Answer C. Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the errors of the original by replacing the modifying phrase "By building new windmill farms,” which cannot logically modify the subject of the sentence ("consumption” and "tons”), with the gerund "Building," which functions as the singular subject of the sentence and agrees with the singular verbs "reduces” and "keeps.” Choice (A) involves improper modification, which Page 2 of 11 Test 19: Explanations to Writing results in confusing phrasing, and subject-verb disagreement. Because the modifying phrase "By building new windmill farms” does not contain a subject, it is not clear who or what is doing the building. In addition, the singular subject "consumption” does not agree with the plural verb phrase "are reduced.” Choice (B) results in confusing phrasing and vague pronoun reference. Because the modifying phrase "By building new windmill farms” does not contain a subject, it is not clear who or what is doing the building. In addition, there is no clear antecedent to which "it” ("it reduces”) can refer. “studying” serves as the object of the preposition. There is no error at (B). The infinitive phrase “to become” appropriately functions as the direct object of the verb “plan.” There is no error at (D). The plural verb “return” agrees with the plural subject “Larissa and Tariq,” and the infinitive phrase “to help” appropriately functions as the direct object of the verb “return.” 13. Explanation for Correct Answer E. The correct choice is (E). This sentence contains no errors. Choice (D) results in a pronoun shift. The pronoun "they” ("they reduce”) refers to windmills; however, there is no clear antecedent to which "it” ("it keeps”) can refer. There is no error at (A). The preposition “From” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “From about A.D. 700 to 1600,” which modifies the verb “created.” Choice (E) results in lack of parallelism. The active verb phrase "reduce fossil fuel” is not parallel with the passive verb phrase "emissions are kept.” There is no error at (B). The past tense of the verb “created” properly indicates an event that happened in the past (“From about A.D. 700 to 1600”). 11. Explanation for Correct Answer E. There is no error at (C). The adverb “nearly” appropriately modifies the adjective “1,000.” Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the coordination error of the original by clearly setting the phrase “in the Scottish Highlands” in opposition to the first part of the sentence with the adverb "not." There is no error at (D). The adjective “remote” appropriately modifies the proper noun “Easter Island.” 14. Explanation for Correct Answer A. Choice (A) involves improper coordination and results in an illogical statement. The coordinating conjunction “but” is needed in place of “and” to indicate a contrast between the two independent clauses. In addition, it does not make sense to say that people assume the battle (the only noun to which the pronoun “it” might refer) was the Scottish Highlands. The error in this sentence occurs at (A). In the context of this sentence, the “casserole was smelling” logically means that the casserole was emitting odor, not perceiving odor. To indicate this meaning, the adverb “badly” should be replaced with the adjective “bad.” The adverb “surprisingly” would then appropriately modify the adjective “bad.” Choice (B) results in improper subordination. The coordinating conjunction “but” is needed to indicate a contrast between the two ideas in the sentence (“but many people...”). In addition, the participle “assuming” should be replaced with the present-tense “assume” (“but many people assume it was in the Scottish Highlands”). There is no error at (B). The pronoun “us” appropriately functions as the indirect object of the verb “to ask,” and the pronoun “what” functions as the direct object. Choice (C) results in an illogical statement. It does not make sense to say that people assume the battle (the only noun to which the pronoun “it” might refer) to be the Scottish Highlands. There is no error at (C). The past perfect tense of the verb “had put” is appropriate to indicate an action that was completed before a certain time in the past. There is no error at (D). The prepositional phrase “in it” appropriately modifies the verb “had put.” The pronoun “it” refers to the noun “casserole.” 15. Explanation for Correct Answer C. Choice (D) results in awkward and confusing phrasing. There is nothing in the sentence to which “what” can refer. In addition, in this context it is not idiomatic for “assume” to be followed by only a noun rather than an entire clause. The error in this sentence occurs at (C). The actions of the subject occurred in the past, as indicated by the past-tense verbs “referred” and “learned,” so the present-tense verb “seeks out” should be replaced with the past-tense verb “sought out.” 12. Explanation for Correct Answer C. There is no error at (A). The preposition “to” idiomatically follows the verb “referred” and appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “to art history textbooks.” The error in this sentence occurs at (C). The plural subject “Larissa and Tariq” does not agree with the complement “an entomologist.” The singular noun should be replaced with the plural “entomologists.” There is no error at (A). The preposition “in” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “in studying insects and their effects,” and the gerund There is no error at (B). The conjunction “while” serves to link the action of “referred to art history textbooks” with the action of “was sculpting.” The pronoun “he” properly refers to the subject “Jerome.” There is no error at (D). The past perfect verb “had Page 3 of 11 Test 19: Explanations to Writing used” appropriately indicates an action that was completed before a certain time in the past. The pronoun “it” is the direct object of “had used” and appropriately refers to the noun “method.” the plural possessive pronoun “their.” 16. Explanation for Correct Answer D. There is no error at (B). The auxiliary verb “must” appropriately indicates that the verb “purchase” is imperative. There is no error at (A). The gerund “boarding” appropriately functions as the object of the preposition “Before.” The error in this sentence occurs at (D). The form of the verb “suppressing” is inappropriate and should be replaced with the infinitive form “to suppress.” There is no error at (A). The adverb “eagerly” appropriately modifies the verb “awaited.” There is no error at (B). The preposition “for” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “for the job,” which modifies “interview.” There is no error at (C). The verb “thought” appropriately expresses an action completed by the subject in the past, and the indefinite pronoun “it” functions as the direct object of the verb “thought.” The adjective “wise” appropriately modifies the pronoun “it.” 17. Explanation for Correct Answer C. The error in this sentence occurs at (C). An adverb is required to modify the verb phrase “has risen,” so the adjective “noticeable” should be replaced with the adverb “noticeably." There is no error at (A). The complex preposition “According to” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “According to educational statistics.” There is no error at (D). The conjunction “because” appropriately functions as the link between the effect “passengers must purchase . . . tickets in the main concourse” and the cause “tickets are not sold on the bus.” 20. Explanation for Correct Answer E. The correct choice is (E). This sentence contains no errors. There is no error at (A). The complex preposition “According to” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “According to some demographers,” which modifies the verb “is.” There is no error at (B). The conjunction “or” appropriately links the adjective “65” and the adjective “older.” There is no error at (C). The singular verb “is” agrees with the singular subject “number.” There is no error at (D). The infinitive of the verb “to rise” appropriately serves as the direct object of the verb “is.” There is no error at (B). The present perfect tense of the verb phrase “has risen” appropriately indicates an action that is completed in the present, and this singular verb phrase agrees with the singular subject “age.” There is no error at (D). The preposition “over” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “over the past 25 years,” which modifies the verb phrase “has risen.” 18. Explanation for Correct Answer A. The error in this sentence occurs at (A). It is not idiomatic to follow the correlative conjunction “Neither” with “or,” which should be replaced with “nor.” There is no error at (B). The singular verb “belongs” agrees with the singular subject “panda.” In addition, the preposition “to” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “to the bear family,” which modifies the verb “belongs.” There is no error at (C). The singular verb “is” agrees with the singular subject “panda.” There is no error at (D). The complement “related” describes the subject “panda,” and the preposition “to” idiomatically follows “related” and appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “to the raccoon.” 19. Explanation for Correct Answer C. The error in this sentence occurs at (C). The singular possessive pronoun phrase “his or her” refers to the plural noun “passengers” and should be replaced with 21. Explanation for Correct Answer B. The error in this sentence occurs at (B). There is an illogical comparison between “Norman Rockwellʼs paintings” and “painter Robert Rauschenberg” (paintings to person). To create a logical comparison, “to painter Robert Rauschenberg” should be replaced with “to Robert Rauschenbergʼs paintings.” There is no error at (A). The plural past-tense verb phrase “were asked” agrees with the plural subject “they” and appropriately indicates an action completed in the past. There is no error at (C). The past-tense verb “entered” appropriately indicates an action by the students that takes place in the past. The preposition “into” idiomatically follows the verb “entered” and appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “into a prolonged discussion.” There is no error at (D). The adjective “prolonged” appropriately modifies the noun “discussion.” 22. Explanation for Correct Answer E. The correct choice is (E). This sentence contains no errors. There is no error at (A). The complex preposition “Contrary to” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “Contrary to what many people believe,” and the pronoun “what” serves as the object of the preposition. Page 4 of 11 Test 19: Explanations to Writing There is no error at (B). The singular verb “is” agrees with the singular subject “lightning.” The adverb “not” appropriately serves to make negative the second occurrence of the noun “lightning.” There is no error at (C). The prepositional phrase “at too great a distance” appropriately modifies the verb “occurs.” There is no error at (D). The adjective “audible” appropriately functions as the direct object of the infinitive verb “to be.” become more capable.” There is no error at (B). The plural verb “mature” agrees with the plural subject “brains,” and the adverb “neurologically” appropriately modifies the verb “mature.” There is no error at (D). The prepositional phrase “around them” appropriately modifies the noun “objects.” 26. Explanation for Correct Answer D. 23. Explanation for Correct Answer C. The error in this sentence occurs at (C). The singular verb phrase “is released” does not agree with the plural subject “spears” and should be replaced with the plural verb phrase “are released.” The error in this sentence occurs at (D). The plural possessive pronoun “their” does not agree with the singular noun “Hershey, Pennsylvania” and should be replaced with the singular possessive pronoun “its.” There is no error at (A). The singular pronoun “each” appropriately refers to a single spear that is “trailed by a poison thread.” There is no error at (A). The noun “Home” functions as an appositive to rename the proper noun “Hershey, Pennsylvania.” The preposition “of” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “of the worldʼs largest chocolate-manufacturing plant.” There is no error at (B). The past participle “trailed” appropriately modifies the pronoun “each,” and the preposition “by” idiomatically follows the part participle “trailed” and introduces the prepositional phrase “by a poison thread.” There is no error at (B). The adverb “originally” appropriately modifies the adjective “known.” The preposition “as” idiomatically follows the adjective “known” and introduces the prepositional phrase “as Derry Church.” There is no error at (D). The adverb “when” appropriately modifies the verb “released.” There is no error at (C). The preposition “to” appropriately serves to introduce the infinitive form “to honor,” which modifies the verb phrase “was changed.” 24. Explanation for Correct Answer E. The correct choice is (E). This sentence contains no errors. There is no error at (A). The complex preposition “across from” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “across from the warehouses,” which modifies the noun “house.” There is no error at (B). The adverb “more” appropriately modifies the adjective “decrepit,” and the adverb “even” modifies “more.” There is no error at (C). The adverb “just” appropriately modifies the implied verb “is” (“the . . . one [that is] just beside them”). The preposition “beside” introduces the prepositional phrase “beside them,” which modifies the pronoun “one.” There is no error at (D). The present perfect tense “have been placed” appropriately indicates an action that is completed in the present (i.e., the houses are on the list now, in the present). 25. Explanation for Correct Answer C. The error in this sentence occurs at (C). The preposition “to” does not idiomatically follow the adjective “capable” and should be replaced with “of.” The form of the verb “distinguish” should then be replaced with “distinguishing” to appropriately follow the preposition “of.” There is no error at (A). The conjunction “as” appropriately functions as a link between the concept “their [infantsʼ] brains mature” and the concept “infants 27. Explanation for Correct Answer E. The correct choice is (E). This sentence contains no errors. There is no error at (A). The preposition “in” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “in this display,” which modifies the noun “instruments.” There is no error at (B). The plural pronoun “all” appropriately refers to the plural noun “instruments.” The adverb “more,” linked by the conjunction “than,” modifies the adjective “300.” There is no error at (C). The preposition “by” appropriately introduces the prepositional phrase “by artisans famous,” which modifies the verb “crafted.” There is no error at (D). The adverbs “long” and “since” appropriately modify the adjective “forgotten.” 28. Explanation for Correct Answer D. The error in this sentence occurs at (D). The singular verb “requires” does not agree with the plural subject “grades” and should be replaced with the singular verb “require.” There is no error at (A). The adjective “scheduled” appropriately modifies the noun “conference,” and the adverb “regularly” modifies the adjective “scheduled.” There is no error at (B). The objective case of the pronoun is appropriate because “my tutor” and “me” are the objects of the preposition “between.” There is no error at (C). The singular verb “is” agrees with the singular subject “conference.” Page 5 of 11 Test 19: Explanations to Writing 29. Explanation for Correct Answer D. The error in this sentence occurs at (D). The sentence illogically compares “story” to “Hank Aaron.” To create a logical comparison, the phrase “that of” should be inserted after “than” so that the sentence logically compares “no story” to “that [the story] of . . . Hank Aaron.” There is no error at (A). The pronoun “There” appropriately introduces the sentence. The singular verb “is” agrees with the singular subject “story.” There is no error at (B). The adverb “probably” appropriately modifies the verb “is,” and the adjective “no” modifies the noun “story.” There is no error at (C). The adverb “more” appropriately modifies the adjective “dramatic,” which modifies the noun “story.” 30. Explanation for Correct Answer C. Choice (C) is correct. The first sentence of the first paragraph states, “A castle is not the same thing as a palace.” Though the paragraph explains in some detail what a castle is, it does not explain what a palace is. Giving more information about palaces would improve the first paragraph. Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. Although castles were built in the Middle Ages, “a brief summary of medieval history” would not illustrate the contrast between castles and palaces, the focus of the topic sentence, and so the summary would not improve the first paragraph. Choice (B) is unsatisfactory. The focus of the first paragraph, as indicated by the topic sentence, is the contrast between castles and palaces. A discussion of the “origin of the word ʻcastleʼ” would not contribute to the topic of the first paragraph and so would not be an improvement. Choice (D) is unsatisfactory. Placing sentence 7 immediately after sentence 1 would create the following statement: “A castle is not the same thing as a palace, though some people use the terms ʻcastleʼ and ʻpalaceʼ interchangeably. These had dark dungeons and damp, drafty living quarters instead.” In this statement, it is not clear which structure (castles or palaces) had dungeons and unpleasant living quarters. Creating this confusing statement would not improve the first paragraph. Choice (E) is unsatisfactory. The focus of the first paragraph is to show how castles and palaces are different. In sentence 2, castles are referred to as “fortified dwellings” as a way to highlight this difference. Sentence 3 explains in detail how castles were fortified and the characteristics a castle has that a palace does not. Deleting sentence 3 would make the differences between castles and palaces less apparent and would not improve the first paragraph. 31. Explanation for Correct Answer C. The correct choice is (C). Sentence 3 describes features of a castle such as moats, drawbridges, and walls, which were designed to keep attackers far away from the castle grounds. Sentence 4 describes the defensive methods soldiers used if attackers were able to get closer to the castle. A sentence such as “Those who defied such obstacles did so at their peril” links the ideas of sentence 3 with those of sentence 4. Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. While sentence 3 mentions the stone walls of a castle, the walls are only one of a number of features described in the sentence. In addition, there is no clear reason to introduce the idea of serfs when sentence 4 continues the idea of castle defenses. A sentence focusing specifically on the walls and the serfs who built them would not be an effective link between sentences 3 and 4. Choice (B) is unsatisfactory. While sentence 3 mentions drawbridges, they are only one of a number of castle features described in the sentence. Sentence 4 elaborates on the idea of castle defenses by describing the maneuvers taken from inside the castle, so a sentence that just describes drawbridges in more detail would not be an effective link between sentences 3 and 4. Choice (D) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 3 describes the defensive features of a castleʼs exterior, and sentence 4 describes the methods of defense taken from within the castle. A sentence about land ownership would not effectively link sentences 3 and 4. Choice (E) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 3 describes the defensive features of a castleʼs exterior, and sentence 4 describes the methods of defense taken from within the castle against hostile visitors. A sentence mentioning visitors without hostile intentions would not be an effective link between sentences 3 and 4. 32. Explanation for Correct Answer E. The correct choice is (E). This sentence continues the discussion of the uninviting features of castles, leading to a logical comparison of castles, with their “dark dungeons and damp, drafty living quarters,” with the more comfortable royal palaces. Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. This way of combining sentences 6 and 7 implies that royal palaces offered more comforts as a result of medieval castlesʼ having “dark dungeons and damp, drafty living quarters.” Sentences 6 and 7 should be combined in a way that shows palaces were more comfortable than castles because of the different features of each, not one as a result of the other. Choice (B) is unsatisfactory. This way of combining sentences 6 and 7 awkwardly introduces the first discussion of the features of palaces as a modifying clause, interrupting the natural flow of the paragraph. Also, the use of “instead” implies that medieval castles “offered dark dungeons and damp, drafty living quarters” as an alternative to the comforts of palaces, Page 6 of 11 Test 19: Explanations to Writing an illogical statement. Choice (C) is unsatisfactory. This method of combining sentences 6 and 7, with the use of “only,” implies that “dark dungeons and damp, drafty living quarters” were the only features offered by castles to welcomed guests, an illogical idea not present in the original sentences. Choice (D) is unsatisfactory. Combining sentences 6 and 7 in this way is awkward and illogical. For one thing, the new sentence refers to “dark dungeons and damp, drafty living quarters” without directly stating these are features of castles. For another, this sentence compares palaces as a whole with the dungeons and living quarters inside castles instead of comparing palaces with castles. 33. Explanation for Correct Answer C. The correct choice is (C). The intended result of building castles was to keep people away; the actual result is that the castles now attract many tourists. This opposition between the intended result and the actual result can be described as ironic, so “Ironically” is an appropriate way to begin sentence 9. Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. Beginning a sentence with the adverb “Actually” implies that the sentence preceding is a misunderstanding or a mistaken idea. Sentence 9 is not a restatement or a correction of sentence 8; therefore, inserting “Actually” at the beginning of sentence 9 would not be appropriate. Choice (B) is unsatisfactory. Beginning a sentence with the adverb “Basically” implies that the sentence is a more basic or concise phrasing of a previously stated idea. Sentence 8 is about the fact that many castles have survived to the present day. Describing the relationship between the intended and actual results of building castles (as in sentence 9) is not a more concise phrasing of the idea in sentence 8, so inserting “Basically” at the beginning of sentence 9 would not be appropriate. Choice (D) is unsatisfactory. Beginning sentence 9 with the phrase “By contrast” implies that the sentence contrasts with or is in opposition to the preceding sentence. Both sentences 8 and 9 focus on medieval castles and their present-day significance—there is no contrast, so inserting “By contrast” at the beginning of sentence 9 would not be appropriate. Choice (E) is unsatisfactory. Beginning a sentence with the phrase “In retrospect” implies that the sentence makes a statement about the past based on presentday knowledge. Sentence 9 contrasts the intentions of the past with the results of the present, but there is no new statement being made about the past based on present-day knowledge. Hence inserting “In retrospect” at the beginning of sentence 9 would not be appropriate. 34. Explanation for Correct Answer D. The correct choice is (D). The sentence “Others crumble away in relative obscurity” provides a transition between sentence 11, which describes two wellmaintained castles, and sentence 12, which describes a castle that is reduced to decaying remnants. Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. Inserting the sentence “But not all castles can be considered obsolete” after sentence 11 implies that the castles described in sentence 11 are considered obsolete. But the castles mentioned in sentence 11 are described as “wellmaintained tourist attractions,” so it would be inappropriate to describe them as obsolete or no longer in use. Choice (B) is unsatisfactory. Inserting the sentence “Elsewhere, the environment may be a factor” between sentences 11 and 12 implies that the castle in sentence 12 has decayed because of the environment. But nothing in sentence 12 indicates that the environment played a key role in the decay of the castle in the Welsh village. Choice (C) is unsatisfactory. While the sentence “However, many tourists prefer to avoid such ʻtourist trapsʼ” continues the idea of castles as tourist sites from sentence 11, inserting this sentence between sentences 11 and 12 does not provide the necessary transition between the idea of castles as “wellmaintained tourist attractions” in sentence 11 and the idea of “the decaying remnants of a castle” in sentence 12. Choice (E) is unsatisfactory. Inserting the sentence “Besides, appearances are often misleading” between sentences 11 and 12 does not provide an effective transition between the idea of castles as “wellmaintained tourist attractions” in sentence 11 and the idea of “the decaying remnants of a castle” in sentence 12. The contrast introduced in sentence 12 is the contrasting condition of a different castle, not the difference between the appearance and actual state of a castle. 35. Explanation for Correct Answer B. The correct choice is (B). Sentence 12 describes the contrast between “the decaying remnants of a castle” and “cozy brick houses” that sit on the same street. The phrase “medieval austerity stands in bold relief against a background of modern comfort” appropriately explains the contrast between the decaying remnants and the cozy houses. Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. The second paragraph focuses on castles and their present-day significance. The sentence “In the final analysis, palaces are actually little more than luxurious castles” addresses the topic of palaces versus castles instead and would not effectively develop the idea of sentence 12 or any other sentence in the paragraph. Choice (C) is unsatisfactory. The second paragraph focuses on castles and their present-day significance. The sentence “The decline of the castleʼs importance Page 7 of 11 Test 19: Explanations to Writing as an architectural form coincided with the transformation of medieval society” addresses the new topic of architecture and medieval society and would not effectively develop the idea of sentence 12 or any other sentence in the paragraph. Choice (D) is unsatisfactory. The second paragraph focuses on medieval castles and their present-day significance. The sentence “In the United States, imposing structures like Hearstʼs Castle are not really castles in the strictest sense of the word” addresses the new topic of castle-like structures and would not effectively develop the idea of sentence 12 or any other sentence in the paragraph. Choice (E) is unsatisfactory. While Eilean Donan Castle, a tourist attraction, is mentioned in sentence 11, sentence 12 moves the topic forward to describe the contrast between “the decaying remnants of a castle” and “cozy brick houses” existing on the same street. Referring to how Eilean Donan Castle was named does not continue to move the topic forward and would not be an effective way to follow sentence 12. Section 10 1. Explanation for Correct Answer D. Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing a plural verb (“are”) that agrees with the plural noun “challenges.” Choice (A) involves subject-verb disagreement. The singular verb “is” does not agree with the plural noun “challenges.” The plural verb “are” should be used instead. Choice (B) results in subject-verb disagreement and awkward phrasing. The singular verb “is” does not agree with the plural noun “challenges.” The plural verb “are” should be used instead. In addition, the infinitive phrase “to associate” is awkward in this context and alters the meaning of the original sentence. The pasttense verb “associated” should be used instead. Choice (C) involves subject-verb disagreement and results in an illogical statement. The singular verb “is” does not agree with the plural noun “challenges.” The plural verb “are” should be used instead. In addition, it does not make logical sense to say that “challenges” are “associating with” starting oneʼs own business. While a person or people can associate with other people, a thing, such as challenges, cannot associate with another thing (in this case, the gerund phrase “starting oneʼs own business”). Choice (E) results in an illogical statement. It does not make logical sense to say that challenges “associate with” starting oneʼs own business. While a person or people can “associate with” other people, a thing, such as challenges, cannot associate with another thing (in this case, the gerund phrase “starting oneʼs own business”). 2. Explanation for Correct Answer C. Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the errors of the original by eliminating the vague pronoun “it” and by providing an idiomatic and logical preposition to introduce the prepositional phrase that modifies “display” (“on display at the museum”). Choice (A) involves a vague pronoun and unidiomatic phrasing. There is no antecedent to which the pronoun “it” can refer. In addition, it is not idiomatic and logical to say that the watercolors are on display “by the museum.” The preposition “at” should be used instead Choice (B) results in wordiness and subject-verb disagreement. The phrase “that it, the museum, is displaying” is unnecessarily wordy and should be replaced with “that the museum is displaying.” In addition, the singular verb “represents” does not agree with the plural subject “watercolors.” Choice (D) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence, only the participle “representing.” Choice (E) results in subject-verb disagreement and an unidiomatic conjunction. The singular verb “represents” does not agree with the plural subject “watercolors.” In addition, the conjunction “while” is not idiomatic in this context and should be replaced with “when.” 3. Explanation for Correct Answer B. Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing a plural noun (“the presidencies”) that can be logically modified by the prepositional phrase “of Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.” Because the sentence is talking about three presidents, the plural “presidencies” must be used in place of the singular “presidency.” Choice (A) involves noun-noun disagreement in number. Because the sentence is talking about three presidents, the plural “presidencies” must be used in place of the singular “presidency.” Choice (C) results in unidiomatic phrasing and nounnoun disagreement in number. It is not idiomatic to say that the origins of something “happened.” In this case, the verb phrase “can be traced” should be used instead. In addition, because the sentence is talking about three presidents, the plural “presidencies” must be used in place of the singular “presidency.” Choice (D) involves unidiomatic phrasing and results in a sentence fragment. The participle “happening” is unidiomatic in this context. In addition, there is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence, only the participle “happening.” Choice (E) involves unidiomatic phrasing, results in a sentence fragment, and produces noun-noun disagreement in number. It is not idiomatic to say that the origins of something “happened.” In this case, the verb phrase “can be traced” should be used instead. In Page 8 of 11 Test 19: Explanations to Writing addition, there is no main verb, only the phrase “that happened . . .” Further, because the sentence is talking about three presidents, the plural “presidencies” must be used in place of the singular “presidency.” 4. Explanation for Correct Answer E. Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the pronoun-reference error of the original by clearly stating who “noticed that the menu had changed.” Choice (A) involves an unclear pronoun reference. It is not clear to whom the pronoun “she” is meant to refer. Choice (B) results in unclear pronoun reference and inappropriate shifts in verb tense. It is not clear to whom the pronoun “she” is meant to refer. In addition, the present-tense verb “notices” is not parallel with past-tense verb that precedes it (“visited”), and the past perfect “has changed” is not appropriate when describing an action that took place in the past (“When Sheila and Lucy visited the restaurant”). Choice (C) results in an inappropriate shift in verb tense. While the past perfect “has noticed” would be appropriate to describe an action that is ongoing, the past-tense “noticed” is needed instead to indicate an action that took place in the past (“When Sheila and Lucy visited the restaurant”). Choice (D) results in an illogical statement. It does not make sense to say that while at the restaurant, Sheila “had noticed the menu changing.” 5. Explanation for Correct Answer C. Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the modification error of the original by providing a noun (“dust”) that can logically be modified by the sentenceʼs introductory phrase, “Carried by the strong, dry winds of the stratosphere.” Choice (A) involves illogical modification. It does not make sense to say that “the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens” was “Carried by the strong, dry winds of the stratosphere.” Choice (B) results in illogical modification. It does not make sense to say that “Mount Saint Helensʼ eruption” was “Carried by the strong, dry winds of the stratosphere.” Choice (D) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence, only the participle “Carried” and a relative clause beginning with “that.” Choice (E) results in flawed sentence structure. The introductory phrase “Carried by the strong, dry winds of the stratosphere” cannot logically modify the word “there.” 6. Explanation for Correct Answer E. Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing an appropriate comparative structure (“so . . . that”) to establish the cause-and-effect relationship between complicating “the process of formulating a school budget” and the fact that “no one on the Board of Education is eager to undertake the task.” Choice (A) involves faulty sentence structure. For the sentence to indicate the result of the new regulationsʼ being so complicated, it must provide the word “that” to complete the “so . . . that” comparative structure. It is unidiomatic to follow the phrase beginning with “so complicated . . .” with “to where.” Choice (B) results in faulty sentence structure. For the sentence to indicate the result of the new regulationsʼ being so complicated, it must provide the word “that” to complete the “so . . . that” comparative structure. It is unidiomatic to follow the phrase beginning with “so complicated . . .” with “therefore.” Choice (C) results in faulty sentence structure. For the sentence to indicate the result of the new regulationsʼ being so complicated, it must provide the word “that” to complete the “so . . . that” comparative structure. It is unidiomatic to follow the phrase beginning with “so complicated . . .” with “even.” Choice (D) results in faulty sentence structure. For the sentence to indicate the result of the new regulationsʼ being so complicated, it must provide the word “that” to complete the “so . . . that” comparative structure. It is unidiomatic to follow the phrase beginning with “so complicated . . .” with “as.” 7. Explanation for Correct Answer D. Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the unidiomatic phrasing of the original by providing the verb phrase “is occurring” to follow the noun “shift.” Choice (A) involves awkward phrasing. It is awkward to say “The shift . . . is because.” In this context, “shift” is a noun and cannot be the result of other actions. A verb phrase such as “is occurring” should be used to describe the action of “shift.” Choice (B) results in awkward phrasing. It is awkward to say “The shift . . . is because.” In this context, “shift” is a noun and cannot be the result of other actions. A verb phrase such as “is occurring” should be used to describe the action of “shift.” Choice (C) results in unidiomatic phrasing and a lack of parallelism. It is unidiomatic to say “is caused from.” It would be more idiomatic to replace the preposition “from” with “by.” In addition, the verb phrase “become more vain” is not parallel with the preceding verb phrase (“getting fewer cavities”). Choice (E) results in an illogical statement and a lack of parallelism. To say “The shift from traditional to cosmetic dentistry occurs” implies that this shift happens more than once, which is illogical. In addition, the verb phrase “become more vain” is not parallel with the preceding verb phrase (“getting fewer cavities”). 8. Explanation for Correct Answer E. Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing a subject ("many people") that can be Page 9 of 11 Test 19: Explanations to Writing logically modified by the sentenceʼs opening phrase, "If asked to name a musical group with broad and lasting appeal." Choice (A) involves illogical modification. It does not make sense to say that "the Beatles," a famous musical group, would be asked to "name a musical group with broad and lasting appeal" and would also be "the choice for many." Choice (B) results in illogical modification. It does not make sense to say that "the Beatles," a famous musical group, would be asked to "name a musical group with broad and lasting appeal" and would also be "chosen by many people." Choice (C) results in illogical modification. It does not make sense to say that "the choice" would be asked to "name a musical group with broad and lasting appeal." Choice (D) results in an inappropriate verb form. The ifclause that starts the sentence ("If asked to name a musical group with broad and lasting appeal") demands a verb in the conditional tense ("would choose"), but the sentence provides a present-tense verb ("choose"). 9. Explanation for Correct Answer E. Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the errors of the original by providing a subject ("the United States and Canada") that can logically be modified by the phrase "to reduce pollution in the Great Lakes" and a main verb ("set") to carry out the action of the sentence. Choice (A) involves illogical modification and results in a sentence fragment. It does not make sense to say that "limits" purposefully did something "to reduce pollution in the Great Lakes." In addition, there is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence, only the participial phrase "having been." Choice (B) involves illogical modification and results in a sentence fragment. It does not make sense to say that "limits" purposefully did something "to reduce pollution in the Great Lakes." In addition, here "set" functions as an adjective, and so there is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence. Choice (C) results in illogical modification and an inappropriate verb form. It does not make sense to say that "limits" purposefully did something "to reduce pollution in the Great Lakes." In addition, the past perfect "have been set" would be appropriate to describe an action that is ongoing; however, the action of the sentence takes place in the past ("In 1972"). Choice (D) results in an inappropriate verb form. The past perfect "have set" would be appropriate to describe an action that is ongoing; however, the action of the sentence takes place in the past ("In 1972"). unidiomatic phrasing. The phrase “already being a certified lawyer” is not parallel with the main past-tense verb phrase “supported himself.” In addition, it is not idiomatic to say “already being a certified lawyer.” The verb “being” is unnecessary in this context and should be deleted. Choice (C) results in illogical phrasing. It does not make sense to say that Ruben Blades was “certified for being a lawyer.” One must be certified in order to be a lawyer; one does not become certified because they are already a lawyer. Choice (D) results in faulty sentence structure. At the very least, the sentence would need the coordinating conjunction “and” to join the independent clause “Ruben Blades was . . . Panama” with another independent clause (“[he] supported himself by singing . . .”). Choice (E) involves an inappropriate verb tense and results in faulty sentence structure. The word “already” indicates an action that took place in the past, so the past-tense verb “was” is needed in place of the presenttense verb “is.” In addition, the sentence would, at the very least, need the coordinating conjunction “and” to join the independent clause “Ruben Blades was . . . Panama” with another independent clause (“[he] supported himself by singing . . .”). 11. Explanation for Correct Answer D. Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by replacing the awkward and somewhat vague “being that” with the more precise “because” to indicate the cause-effect relationship between the ideas in the sentence (“The newspaper business in the United States faces a challenge because it must . . .”). Choice (A) involves awkward and imprecise phrasing. The awkward and somewhat vague “being that” should be replaced by “because” to indicate the cause-effect relationship between the ideas in the sentence (“The newspaper business in the United States faces a challenge because it must . . .”). Choice (B) results in awkward and imprecise phrasing. The awkward “of it reconciling” should be replaced by the precise “because it must reconcile” to indicate the cause-effect relationship between the ideas in the sentence. In addition, because the phrasing in this option defines rather than describes the challenge the newspaper business faces, the phrase “faces the challenge of . . .” is more precise than “faces a challenge of . . .” Choice (A) is correct. It avoids the errors of the options by providing an idiomatic modifying phrase that is parallel with the main verb phrase “supported himself.” Choice (C) results in an illogical statement. The word “such” in the phrase “as such” is meant to stand in for a noun that precedes it; in this case, “The newspaper business” is the only seemingly plausible choice as the referent of “such.” However, it does not make sense to say that as the newspaper business, “it [the newspaper business] must reconcile . . .” Choice (B) results in a lack of parallelism and involves Choice (E) results in awkward, confusing phrasing. It is 10. Explanation for Correct Answer A. Page 10 of 11 Test 19: Explanations to Writing not clear what is meant by “it has the high-minded goal . . . with the commercial one” or what the phrase “being reconciled” is meant to modify. 12. Explanation for Correct Answer D. Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing three parallel clauses to indicate why “All species of sea turtles are endangered.” Choice (A) involves a lack of parallelism. The verb phrase “their eggs being disturbed” and the noun phrase “destruction of nesting habitats” are not parallel with the gerund phrase that precedes them (“overharvesting of adults”). Choice (B) results in a lack of parallelism. In the first two phrases (“the adults being overharvested” and “their eggs disturbed”), the sea turtles are the subject. In the third phrase (“destroying nesting habitats”), the sea turtles cannot logically be the subject. In addition, the third phrase begins with a present-tense verb while the first and second phrases begin with a noun and pronoun, respectively. Choice (C) results in faulty sentence structure. The phrase “because the overharvesting of adults” is not proper English syntax. The preposition “of” should be inserted after “because” to make the phrase structurally complete. Choice (E) results in faulty sentence structure and a lack of parallelism. The phrase “because being overharvested” is not proper English syntax. The preposition “of” should be inserted after “because” to make the phrase structurally complete. In addition, the phrases “being overharvested as adults,” “their eggs being disturbed,” and “destruction of nesting habits” are not parallel. by providing a phrase (“delightful because of his imagination”) that is parallel with the phrase that precedes it (“annoying because of his unpredictability”) and coordinates with the adverbial phrase “at once” (“at once annoying . . . and delightful”). Choice (A) involves a lack of parallelism and improper coordination. The phrase “but his imagination is still a delight” is not parallel with the phrase that precedes it (“annoying because of his unpredictability”) and does not coordinate with the adverbial phrase “at once” (“at once annoying . . . but his imagination”). Choice (B) results in a lack of parallelism and improper coordination. The phrase “although he is delightfully imaginative” is not parallel with the phrase that precedes it (“annoying because of his unpredictability”) and does not coordinate with the adverbial phrase “at once” (“at once annoying . . . although he is”). Choice (C) results in a lack of parallelism and improper coordination. The phrase “and he is delightful in his imagination too” is not parallel with the phrase that precedes it (“annoying because of his unpredictability”) and does not coordinate with the adverbial phrase “at once” (“at once annoying . . . and he is”). Choice (D) results in awkward phrasing, a lack of parallelism, and improper coordination. The awkward phrase “while being imaginative and they are delighted” is not parallel with the phrase that precedes it (“annoying because of his unpredictability”) and does not coordinate with the adverbial phrase “at once” (“at once annoying . . . while being imaginative”). 13. Explanation for Correct Answer C. Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the subject-verb disagreement of the original by providing a plural verb (“contribute”) that agrees with the plural compound subject (“improper diet and lack of exercise”). Choice (A) involves subject-verb disagreement. The singular verb “contributes” does not agree with the plural compound subject (“improper diet and lack of exercise”). Choice (B) results in flawed sentence structure. The plural pronoun “they” is unnecessary here and intrudes between the plural compound subject (“improper diet and lack of exercise”) and its main verb (“contribute”). Choice (D) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the action of the sentence, only the participle “contributing.” Choice (E) results in subject-verb disagreement. The singular verb “has” does not agree with the plural compound subject (“improper diet and lack of exercise”). 14. Explanation for Correct Answer E. Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original Page 11 of 11