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Module 1: Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers Introduction Psychology • The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. – Uses scientific research methods. – Behavior includes all observable behavior. – Mental processes include thoughts, feelings and dreams. Module 1: Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers Modern Psychology’s Roots Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) • The “father of psychology” • Founder of modern psychology • Opened the first psychology lab in 1879 E.B. Titchener (1867-1927) • Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness – the structure • Founder of structuralism Structuralism • Studied the basic elements (structure) of thoughts and sensations. • Broken down into three parts: ex. sensations, feelings, thoughts Gestalt Psychology by Christian von Ehrenfels • The whole is different from the sum of its parts. • Integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. • Ex. Notes from a song, put together and you have a song William James (1842-1910) • First American psychologist • Author of the first psychology textbook • Founder of Functionalism Functionalism • Emphasized how consciousness helped people adapt to their environment –James composed a list of 37 instincts that cause human behavior • Ex. cleanliness, curiosity, sympathy, jealousy Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • Russian Physiologist • Studied learning in animals • Emphasized the study of observable behaviors • Classical conditioning • Ex. dogs John B. Watson (1878-1958) • Founder of behaviorism • Studied only observable and objectively described acts – unconscious was of little value • Environment molds our behavior B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • Behaviorist • Focused on learning through rewards and punishment and observation • Operant conditioning • Rats • Food = reward • Shock = punishment Humanistic Psychology • Stressed the study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will • Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential • An optimistic view of human potential • The world is a friendly, happy, and secure place Humanistic Approach -Abraham Maslow -Carl Rogers -Albert Ellis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Behavior explained by unconscious • Childhood Freud’s Background • Neurology • Psychoanalysis • Id, ego, superego Freud’s Influence • Influence on “pop culture” – Freudian slips – Anal-retentive • Influence on psychology – Psychodynamic theory – Unconscious thoughts – Significance of childhood experiences The Id • Inborn and unconscious • It is where the instincts reside • Life instincts are called Eros The Id is the First to Form • The id operates on the “pleasure principle” • The id demands immediate satisfaction • The id does not care what society thinks The Id (cont.) • The id is aggressive • The id is playful • The id represents the child in all of us Diagram of the Id The Ego • The ego is logical and unemotional • The ego is the decision maker The Superego • The superego is the next component to form - Pressures from society • Parents play a major role Missing a Superego • Can your grow up without a superego? • Case study: Ted Bundy Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development • • • • • Oral: 0-2 Anal: ages 2–3 Phallic: ages 3–6 Latent: ages 7–12 Genital: puberty through adulthood The Oral Stage • Ages: birth through two years • The pleasure principle • The infant focuses on the mouth The Anal Stage • Ages: 18 months–3 years • Toilet training • Anal-retentive The Phallic Stage • Ages 3–6 • Boys’ sexual interest develops and focuses on the mother • • • • Oedipus Complex Momma’s Boy Clingy to women Electra Complex for girls The Latent Stage • Age six through puberty • Sexual thoughts repressed • Social and intellectual development The Genital Stage • Ages: puberty throughout adulthood • Sexual desires rekindled, forming relationships • Rebelling against rules/ authority Module 1: Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers Six Contemporary Psychological Perspectives Psychological Perspectives • Method of classifying a collection of ideas • Also called “schools of thought” • Also called “psychological approaches” • To view behavior from a particular perspective Cognitive Perspective • Focus: On how people think and process information • Behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation Cognitive Cont’d • How we take in, process, store, and retrieve information • Ex. Remembering something you have learned is a cognitive activity Biological Perspective • Focus: How our biological structures and substances underlie a given behavior, thought, or emotion • Behavior is explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, etc. • “feel-good” chemicals in the brain can affect behavior - depression Social-Cultural Perspective • Focus: How thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation • Behavior is explained by the influence of other people present • Ex: Pressure from friends Behavioral Perspective • Focus: How we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation • Behavior is explained by previous learning • Studying the unconscious, or anything you cannot see, was of little value Humanistic Perspective • Focus: How healthy people strive to reach their full potential • Behavior is explained as being motivated by satisfying needs (safety, hunger, thirst, etc.), with the goal of reaching one’s full potential once basic needs are met. Psychodynamic Perspective • Focus: How behavior is affected by unconscious drives and conflicts • Behavior is explained through unconscious motivation and unresolved inner conflicts from one’s childhood. • Modern version of psychoanalytic perspective. Module 1: Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers Psychology’s Horizon Behavior Genetics • Focus: How behavior is affected by genes and the environment • Combines biology and behaviorism • Emphasis on the importance of both genetic and environmental factors on behavior Evolutionary Psychology • Combines aspects of biological, psychological, and social perspectives • Behavior is explained by how the behavior may have helped our ancestors survive long enough to reproduce successfully. Positive Psychology • Focus: To study and promote optimal human functioning • Martin E.P. Seligman is a major advocate • Should promote building positive qualities of people Module 1: Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers Careers in Psychology Basic Research • Pure science or research • Research for the sake of finding new information and expanding the knowledge base of psychology Applied Research • Research designed to solve specific practical problems Clinical Psychologist • Diagnose and treat patients with psychological problems • Largest number of professional psychologists The End Name of Concept • Use this slide to add a concept to the presentation Name of Concept Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished