Download Psychology - Wando High School

Module 1: Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers
Introduction
Psychology
• The scientific study of behavior and
mental processes.
– Uses scientific research methods.
– Behavior includes all observable
behavior.
– Mental processes include thoughts,
feelings and dreams.
Module 1: Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers
Modern Psychology’s
Roots
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• The “father of psychology”
• Founder of modern psychology
• Opened the first psychology lab in
1879
E.B. Titchener (1867-1927)
• Analyzed the intensity,
clarity and quality of
the parts of
consciousness – the
structure
• Founder of
structuralism
Structuralism
• Studied the basic elements (structure)
of thoughts and sensations.
• Broken down into three parts: ex.
sensations, feelings, thoughts
Gestalt Psychology
by Christian von Ehrenfels
• The whole is different from the sum
of its parts.
• Integrate pieces of information into
meaningful wholes.
• Ex. Notes from a song, put together
and you have a song
William James (1842-1910)
• First American
psychologist
• Author of the first
psychology textbook
• Founder of
Functionalism
Functionalism
• Emphasized how consciousness
helped people adapt to their
environment
–James composed a list of 37
instincts that cause human behavior
• Ex. cleanliness, curiosity, sympathy,
jealousy
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• Russian Physiologist
• Studied learning in animals
• Emphasized the study of observable
behaviors
• Classical conditioning
• Ex. dogs
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
• Founder of behaviorism
• Studied only observable
and objectively
described acts –
unconscious was of
little value
• Environment molds
our behavior
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• Behaviorist
• Focused on learning through rewards
and punishment and observation
• Operant conditioning
• Rats
• Food = reward
• Shock = punishment
Humanistic Psychology
• Stressed the study of conscious
experience and an individual’s free will
• Healthy individuals strive to reach their
potential
• An optimistic view of human potential
• The world is a friendly, happy, and
secure place
Humanistic Approach
-Abraham Maslow
-Carl Rogers
-Albert Ellis
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Behavior
explained by
unconscious
• Childhood
Freud’s Background
• Neurology
• Psychoanalysis
• Id, ego,
superego
Freud’s Influence
• Influence on “pop culture”
– Freudian slips
– Anal-retentive
• Influence on psychology
– Psychodynamic theory
– Unconscious thoughts
– Significance of childhood experiences
The Id
• Inborn and
unconscious
• It is where the
instincts reside
• Life instincts
are called Eros
The Id is the First to Form
• The id operates on the “pleasure
principle”
• The id demands immediate
satisfaction
• The id does not care what society
thinks
The Id (cont.)
• The id is
aggressive
• The id is
playful
• The id
represents the
child in all of us
Diagram of the Id
The Ego
• The ego is logical
and unemotional
• The ego is the
decision maker
The Superego
• The superego is
the next
component to form
- Pressures from
society
• Parents play a
major role
Missing a Superego
• Can your grow
up without a
superego?
• Case study:
Ted Bundy
Freud
Psychosexual Stages of Development
•
•
•
•
•
Oral: 0-2
Anal: ages 2–3
Phallic: ages 3–6
Latent: ages 7–12
Genital: puberty through adulthood
The Oral Stage
• Ages: birth through two years
• The pleasure principle
• The infant focuses on the mouth
The Anal Stage
• Ages: 18 months–3 years
• Toilet training
• Anal-retentive
The Phallic Stage
• Ages 3–6
• Boys’ sexual interest develops and
focuses on the mother
•
•
•
•
Oedipus Complex
Momma’s Boy
Clingy to women
Electra Complex for girls
The Latent Stage
• Age six through puberty
• Sexual thoughts
repressed
• Social and intellectual
development
The Genital Stage
• Ages: puberty
throughout adulthood
• Sexual desires
rekindled, forming
relationships
• Rebelling against rules/
authority
Module 1: Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers
Six Contemporary
Psychological
Perspectives
Psychological Perspectives
• Method of classifying a collection of
ideas
• Also called “schools of thought”
• Also called “psychological approaches”
• To view behavior from a particular
perspective
Cognitive Perspective
• Focus: On how people think and process
information
• Behavior is explained by how a person
interprets the situation
Cognitive Cont’d
• How we take in, process, store, and
retrieve information
• Ex. Remembering something you have
learned is a cognitive activity
Biological Perspective
• Focus: How our biological structures
and substances underlie a given
behavior, thought, or emotion
• Behavior is explained by brain
chemistry, genetics, glands, etc.
• “feel-good” chemicals in the brain can
affect behavior - depression
Social-Cultural Perspective
• Focus: How thinking and behavior change
depending on the setting or situation
• Behavior is explained by the influence of
other people present
• Ex: Pressure from friends
Behavioral Perspective
• Focus: How we learn through rewards,
punishments, and observation
• Behavior is explained by previous
learning
• Studying the unconscious, or anything
you cannot see, was of little value
Humanistic Perspective
• Focus: How healthy people strive to
reach their full potential
• Behavior is explained as being
motivated by satisfying needs (safety,
hunger, thirst, etc.), with the goal of
reaching one’s full potential once basic
needs are met.
Psychodynamic Perspective
• Focus: How behavior is affected by
unconscious drives and conflicts
• Behavior is explained through
unconscious motivation and unresolved
inner conflicts from one’s childhood.
• Modern version of psychoanalytic
perspective.
Module 1: Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers
Psychology’s Horizon
Behavior Genetics
• Focus: How behavior is affected by
genes and the environment
• Combines biology and behaviorism
• Emphasis on the importance of both
genetic and environmental factors on
behavior
Evolutionary Psychology
• Combines aspects of biological,
psychological, and social perspectives
• Behavior is explained by how the
behavior may have helped our ancestors
survive long enough to reproduce
successfully.
Positive Psychology
• Focus: To study and promote optimal
human functioning
• Martin E.P. Seligman is a major
advocate
• Should promote building positive
qualities of people
Module 1: Introduction, History, Perspectives, and Careers
Careers in Psychology
Basic Research
• Pure science or research
• Research for the sake of finding new
information and expanding the
knowledge base of psychology
Applied Research
• Research designed to solve specific
practical problems
Clinical Psychologist
• Diagnose and treat patients with
psychological problems
• Largest number of professional
psychologists
The End
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