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Chapter
The Heart
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Introduction
Word Elements Specific to the Heart
The Location of the Heart
The Structure of the Heart
Blood Flow through the Heart
Heart Disorders and Procedures
Common Abbreviations
Exercises
Pre-Quiz Checklist
Chapter Quiz
90
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CHAPTER 8
THE HEART
91
he heart, which is part of the cardiovascular system, pumps blood to
every cell in the body. That job is critical, because without the oxygen and
nutrients that the blood delivers, body cells quickly die. This chapter
introduces terms relating to the structure, function, and disorders of the heart,
along with those that name some of the procedures and treatments that keep it
working when it malfunctions. Chapter 9 deals with the rest of the cardiovascular
system, i.e., the blood and blood vessels.
T
WORD ELEMENTS SPECIFIC TO THE HEART
The word elements in Table 8-1 are often found in terms related to the heart.
You will recognize them in many of the terms you will learn in this chapter.
TABLE 8-1 COMMON WORD ELEMENTS RELATED TO THE HEART
Word or Word Element
aort/o
atri/o
bradycardi/o
corona
Type
root
root
prefix
root
from the Latin word for “crown”
echo
English word from Greek mythology;
Echo was a nymph who helped Zeus
deceive his wife by distracting her
with chatter
electr/o
endo-gram
my/o
peri-stenosis
tachyvalv/o, valvul/o
ventricul/o
root
prefix
suffix
root
prefix
suffix
prefix
root
root
Refers to
aorta
atrium
slow
heart
the adjective form “coronary” is sometimes used to describe anatomic structures, such as nerves, ligaments, and
blood vessels, especially the arteries of
the heart
a reverberation of sound; not properly called a root (and therefore written
without the slash before its final
letter), echo has been adopted for
use in forming some medical terms,
such as echogram and echocardiography)
electrical
Inner, inside
written record
muscle
Around, surrounding
a narrowing
fast
valve
ventricle
THE LOCATION OF THE HEART
The heart is encased in and separated from the walls of the pericardial cavity by
three linings: the epicardium, which forms the outer part of the heart; the pericardial
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BODY SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY
Pericardium
Pericardial sac
Pericardial cavity
FIGURE 8-1 The location of the heart.
sac; and the pericardium. The heart fits tightly inside the pericardial cavity, a subcavity of the thoracic cavity. The pericardial cavity is lined with a serous (thin)
membrane called the pericardium, and the heart is within yet a second lining called
the pericardial sac. This sac contains about half an ounce of fluid, which lies
between it and the heart’s outer lining (Figure 8-1).
THE STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
The membrane forming the outer lining of the heart is called the epicardium.
Immediately beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, comprising the muscles,
blood vessels, and nerve tissue that make up the bulk of the heart. The heart’s inner
surface is called the endocardium.
The heart has four chambers: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left
atrium, and the left ventricle. They are separated by septa (singular, septum). The
names and locations of the septa are easy to remember because they include the
names of the parts they separate. They are the interventricular septum (separates
the two ventricles) and the interatrial septum (separates the two atria). Also, each
atrium is divided from each ventricle by an atrioventricular septum, which contains various valves.
The right atrioventricular valve, also sometimes called the tricuspid valve, leads
from the right atrium into the right ventricle. The pulmonary semilunar valve connects the right ventricle to the lungs, which also connect to the left ventricle
through the left atrium by way of the left atrioventricular valve, also sometimes
called the bicuspid or mitral valve. The aortic semilunar valve leads out of the left
ventricle (Figure 8-2).
CHAPTER 8
THE HEART
93
Aortic arch
Atrioventricular
septum (bundle)
Pulmonary
valve
Interatrial
septum
Left atrium
Left AV
(mitral)
valve
Right atrium
Left
ventricle
Right AV
(tricuspid)
valve
Right
ventricle
Interventricular
septum
FIGURE 8-2 The structures of the heart.
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART
The best way to understand how blood flows through the heart is to keep the
heart’s job in mind. When blood comes back to the heart after having delivered
oxygen and other nutrients to the body’s cells, it needs to be replenished before
going out again. It re-enters the heart at the right atrium. From there it moves
into the right ventricle, from which it is pumped into the lungs. After being
recharged with oxygen, the blood moves back into the heart through the left
atrium and into the left ventricle, from which it is pumped out for yet another trip
through the body.
HEART DISORDERS AND PROCEDURES
The heart can be compared to a mechanical device that relies on electricity for its
operation. Electrical impulses emitted within the heart stimulate the heart to pump.
When the electrical system malfunctions, the heart will beat too fast, too slow, at an
irregular pace, or not at all, depending on the nature of the malfunction.
Arrhythmia is most often defined as an irregular heartbeat at any speed. When
the heart pumps too fast, defined as any rate greater than 100 beats per minute, the
condition is called tachycardia. The Greek word for “fast,” tachys, gives us the prefix tachy- and also the common English word tachometer. A heart that is pumping
too slow, which is defined as any rate less than 60 beats per minute, exhibits a condition known as bradycardia. The prefix brady- is also of Greek origin, coming
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from the word for “slow”: bradys. Tachycardia is also called tachyarrhythmia, and
bradycardia is called bradyarrhythmia.
Disorders of the heart are diagnosed and treated by cardiologists, who work in
the field of cardiology. Table 8-2 lists common abnormal conditions related to the
heart, along with some of the procedures used to diagnose and correct them.
TABLE 8-2 COMMON DISORDERS AND PROCEDURES ASSOCIATED WITH
THE HEART
Term
atriomegaly
atrioseptoplasty
bradycardia
cardiac arrest
cardiodynia
cardiogram (This word and the next
are often called “electrocardiogram”
and “electrocardiograph,” respectively;
the abbreviation for both can be either
EKG or ECG.)
cardiograph (also “myocardiograph,”
as well as “electrocardiograph,” as
noted above)
cardiomalacia
cardiomegaly
cardiomyopathy
cardiomyoplasty
cardiopathy
cardiorrhaphy
cardiorrhexis
cardiotomy
carditis
endocarditis
myocardial infarction (often
abbreviated MI)
myocarditis
pericardiorrhaphy
Definition
enlargement of an atrium
surgical repair of an atrial septum
also called bradyarrhythmia; abnormally
slow heartbeat
abbreviated CA, this condition, as its name
suggests, describes the sudden cessation of
heart activity
heart pain
a graphic trace of heart functions
a machine to electrically measure heart
functions
softening of the heart
enlargement of the heart
disease of the heart muscle (myocardium)
a surgical procedure that involves engaging the
latissimus dorsi muscle to stimulate the heart;
please also note that the term “cardioplasty” is
a surgical procedure done on the stomach,
NOT the heart.
any heart disease
suturing of the wall of the heart muscle
rupture in the wall of the heart muscle
incision into the heart OR incision into the
cardia of the stomach
inflammation of the heart
inflammation of the endocardium
heart attack; patients suspected of having had
an MI are given a blood test to measure the
level of troponin in the blood (troponin is a
protein that is released when an MI occurs)
inflammation of the heart muscle
suturing of the pericardium
CHAPTER 8
pericardiotomy
THE HEART
95
incision into the pericardium
TABLE 8-2 COMMON DISORDERS AND PROCEDURES ASSOCIATED WITH
THE HEART (continued)
Term
Definition
incision into the pericardium
inflammation of the pericardium
also called tachyarrhythmia; abnormally rapid
heartbeat
surgical repair of a heart valve
surgical removal of a blocked heart valve
(stenosis of a heart valve) by cutting into it
inflammation of a heart valve
surgical repair of a heart ventricle
examination of a heart ventricle with an
endoscope
pericardiotomy
pericarditis
tachycardia
valvoplasty; also valvuloplasty
valvotomy; also valvulotomy
valvulitis
ventriculoplasty
ventriculoscopy
DECIPHERING MEDICAL DOCUMENTS.
Read the following excerpt from a cardiac catheterization report and answer the questions:
Left ventriculography shows the left ventricle is normal in configuration, dimensions, and segmental wall
motion with ejection fraction computed at 58% by area-length method. There is no evidence of mitral regurgitation. Coronary arteriography of left anterior descending artery shows 70% focal stenosis immediately
after the first septal perforator branch.
1. What word root and suffix are contained in the term ventriculography? What does the term mean?
2. What does the adjective coronary mean?
3. What does the word stenosis mean?
A STUDY TABLE
8-1
THE HEART
Term and Pronunciation
Analysis
Meaning
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
aortic semilunar valve (ay-ORT-ik
sem-ih-LOON-uhr)
atria (singular: atrium) (AY-tree-ah;
AY-tree-uhm)
endocardium (en-doh-KARdee-uhm)
epicardium (ep-ih-KAR-dee-uhm)
left atrioventricular valve (ay-treeoh ven-TRIK-yu-lahr) also known
as the bicuspid or mitral valve
(by-KUSS-pihd; MY-trahl)
aortic (adjectival form of aorta,
the large artery leading away
from the heart); semi- (“half ”);
lunar (English adjective from
the Latin word luna, meaning
“moon”)
from the Latin word atrium
(“hall”)
endo- (“inside”); cardium
(“heart”)
epi- (“outside”); cardium (“heart”)
atri/o (“atrium”); ventricul
(“ventricle”); -ar (adjectival
suffix); valve
connects the left ventricle
to the aorta
two of the four heart chambers,
composed of the right atrium and
left atrium
the inner surface of the heart
the outer lining of the heart
connects the left atrium to the
left ventricle
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A STUDY TABLE
8-1
THE HEART (co nt inued)
Term and Pronunciation
myocardium (my-oh-KARdee-uhm)
pericardial (pehr-ih-KAR-dee-ahl)
pericardial cavity (pehr-ih-KARdee-ahl)
pericardial sac (pehr-ihKAR-dee-ahl)
Analysis
my/o (“muscle”); cardium
(“heart”)
peri- (“around”); cardial
(adjective for “heart”)
peri- (“around”); cardial (adjective
for “heart”); cavity
peri- (“around”); cardial (adjective
for “heart”); sac (from the Latin
word saccus, meaning “bag”)
peri- (“around”); cardium
(“heart”)
pulmonary (adjective denoting the
lungs); semi- (“half ”); lunar
(adjective for “moon”)
atri/o (“atrium”); ventricul/o
(“ventricle”); -ar (adjectival suffix)
pericardium (pehr-ihKAR-dee-uhm)
pulmonary semilunar valve
(PULL-moh-nahr-ee SEMee-LUN-ahr)
right atrioventricular valve (ay-treeoh-ven-TRIK-yu-lahr) also known as
the tricuspid valve (try-KUSS-pihd)
septa (singular septum) (SEPP-tah;
SEPP-tuhm)
from the Latin saeptum
(“partition”)
troponin (TROH-poh-nihn)
etymology unknown
ventricle (VEN-trik-uhl)
ventricle (“cavity,” from the
Latin word ventruculus,
meaning “belly”)
Meaning
the heart muscle, which includes
nerves and blood vessels
adjective form of pericardium
the subcavity of the thoracic cavity
in which the heart is enclosed
another lining of the pericardium
closest to the heart
serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity
valve connecting the right ventricle
and lungs
valve connecting the right atrium
to the right ventricle
thin wall that separates cavities or
masses; in the heart, septa separate
the right atrium from the left
atrium and the right ventricle
from the left ventricle
a protein that is released into the
bloodstream when a heart attack
occurs
two of the four heart chambers,
composed of the right ventricle
and left ventricle
COMMON DISORDERS
arrythmia (ah-RITH-mee-ah)
atriomegaly (AY-tree-ohMEG-ah-lee)
bradycardia (bray-dee-KARdee-ah)
cardiac arrest (KAR-dee-ak)
cardiodynia (kar-dee-ohDIN-ee-ah)
cardiomalacia (kar-dee-ohmah-LASH-ee-ah)
the prefix a- (“against”); rhythmos
(common English word derived
from the Greek word rhythmos
meaning the same thing); -ia
(“condition”)
from the Latin atrium (“hall”);
-megaly (suffix meaning
“enlargement”)
brady- (prefix meaning “slow”);
-cardia (“heart”)
card/i/o (“heart”); -ac (adjectival
suffix); arrest (English word
meaning “stopped”)
cardi/o (“heart”); -dynia (“pain”)
cardi/o (“heart”); -malacia
(“softening”)
abnormal rhythm; irregular
heartbeat
enlargement of an atrium
abnormally slow heartbeat
cessation of heart activity
heart pain
softening of the heart
CHAPTER 8
A STUDY TABLE
8-1
THE HEART
THE HEART (co nt inued)
Term and Pronunciation
cardiomegaly (kar-dee-ohMEG-ah-lee)
cardiomyopathy (kar-dee-oh-myAWP-uh-thee)
cardiopathy (kar-deeAWP-uh-thee)
cardiorrhexis (kar-deeoh-REX-ihs)
carditis (kar-DY-tiss)
endocarditis (en-doh-kar-DY-tiss)
myocardial infarction (often
abbreviated MI) (my-oh-KAR-deeahl in-FARK-shun) (Note: MI is an
abbreviation, not an acronym.)
myocarditis (my-oh-kar-DY-tiss)
pericarditis (pehr-ih-kar-DY-tiss)
tachycardia (tak-ih-KAR-dee-ah)
valvulitis (valv-yu-LY-tiss)
Analysis
cardi/o (“heart”); -megaly
(“enlargement”)
cardi/o (“heart”); my/o (“muscle”);
-pathy (“disease”)
cardi/o (“heart”); -pathy
(“disease”)
cardi/o (“heart”); -rrhexis
(“rupture”)
cardi/o (“heart”); -itis
(“inflammation”)
endo- (“inside”); cardi/o
(“heart”); -itis (“inflammation”)
my/o (“muscle”); cardi/o
(“heart”); -al (adjective form
for heart)
Meaning
enlargement of the heart
disease of the heart muscle
(myocardium)
any heart disease
rupture in the wall of the heart
inflammation of the heart
inflammation of the endocardium
heart attack
my/o (“muscle”); cardi/o
(“heart”); -itis (“inflammation”)
peri- (“around”); cardi/o
(“heart”); -itis (“inflammation”)
tachy- (“rapid”); cardi/o
(“heart”); -ia (“condition”)
valvul/o (“valve”); -itis
(“inflammation”)
inflammation of the heart muscle
electro- (“electric”); cardi/o
(“heart”); -gram, -graph
(“writing”)
a graphic trace of heart functions
my/o (“muscle”); cardi/o
(“heart”);-graph (“writing”)
a machine to electrically measure
heart functions
ventricul/o (“ventricle”); -scopy
(“viewing”)
looking at a heart ventricle with an
endoscope
cardi/o (“heart”); -logist
(“one who studies”)
cardi/o (“heart”); -logy
(“study of ”)
heart specialist
inflammation of the pericardium
abnormally rapid heartbeat
inflammation of a heart valve
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT
cardiogram (KAR-dee-oh-gram)
(Note: Associated terms are are
“electrocardiogram” [ee
LEK-troh-KAR-dee-oh-gram]
and “electrocardiograph”
[ee-LEK-troh-KAR-dee-oh-graf];
the abbreviation for any of them
can be either EKG or ECG)
myocardiograph (MY-oh-kardee-oh-graf), cardiograph
(KAR-dee-oh-graf)
ventriculoscopy (ven-trik-yuLAWS-koh-pee)
PRACTICE & PRACTITIONERS
cardiologist (kar-dee-AWL-oh-jist)
cardiology (kar-dee-AWL-oh-jee)
medical specialty dealing with
the heart
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A STUDY TABLE
8-1
THE HEART (co nt inued)
Term and Pronunciation
Analysis
Meaning
surgical repair of an atrial septum
cardiomyoplasty (kar-dee-ohMY-oh-plass-tee)
from the Latin words atrium
(“hall”) and saeptum (“partition”);
-plasty (suffix meaning
“surgical repair”)
cardi/o (“heart”); my/o (“muscle”);
-plasty (“surgical repair”)
cardiorrhaphy (kar-dee-ohRAF-fee)
cardiotomy (kar-dee-AW-tuhmee)
cardi/o (“heart”); -rrhaphy
(“suturing”)
cardi/o (“heart”); -tomy
(“cutting”)
pericardiorrhaphy (pehr-ih-KARdee-oh-raff-ee)
peri- (“around”); cardi/o
(“heart”); -rrhaphy
(suffix meaning “suturing”)
peri- (“around”); cardi/o
(“heart”); -tomy (“cutting”)
valv/o or valvul/o (“valve”); -plasty
(“surgical repair”)
SURGICAL PROCEDURES
atrioseptoplasty (AY-tree-oSEP-toh-plass-tee)
pericardiotomy (PEHR-ih-cardee-AW-toh-mee)
valvoplasty (VALV-oh-plass-tee);
also valvuloplasty (VALV-yu-lohplass-tee)
valvotomy (valv-AW-toh-mee);
also valvulotomy (valv-yuLAWT-oh-mee)
ventriculoplasty (ven-TRIK-yuloh-plass-tee)
ENHANCEMENT TERMS
atrial (AY-tree-uhl)
cardiac (KAR-dee-ack)
cardiogenic (kar-dee-oh-JEN-ik)
ventricular (ven-TRIK-yu-lahr)
valv/o or valvul/o (“valve”);
-tomy (“cutting”)
ventricul/o (“ventricle”); -plasty
(“surgical repair”)
from the Latin word atrium
(“hall”)
adjectival form of cardium
(“heart”)
cardi/o (“heart”); -genic
(“origin”)
ventricul/o (“ventricle”); -ar
(adjectival suffix)
surgical procedure that involves
engaging the latissimus dorsi
muscle to stimulate the heart
(Note: The term “cardioplasty”
[without the “my” between cardio
and plasty] is a surgical procedure
done on the stomach, NOT the
heart.)
suturing of the wall of the heart
incision into the HEART or
incision into the cardia of the
STOMACH
suturing of the pericardium
incision into the pericardium
surgical repair of a heart valve
surgical removal of a blocked
heart valve (stenosis of a heart
valve) by cutting into it
surgical repair of a heart ventricle
adjectival form of atrium
relating to the heart
adjective describing something
originating in the heart
adjectival form of ventricle
(Note: The brain also contains
ventricles.)
CHAPTER 8
THE HEART
99
ABBREVIATION TABLE 8-1
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
The Heart
Abbreviation
ACV
CA
CAD
CCU
CHD
CIPS
CRFS
CSU
CT
CVICU
CVIS
EKG or ECG
MI
c
Meaning
acute cardiovascular [disease]
cardiac arrest
coronary artery disease
cardiovascular care unit
cardiovascular heart disease
cardiovascular imaging procedure
cardiovascular risk factors
cardiovascular surgery unit
cardiovascular technologist
cardiovascular intensive care unit
cardiovascular imaging systems
electrocardiogram; electrocardiograph; electrocardiography; cardiogram
myocardial infarction
Exercises
Exercise 8-1 Completing Sentences
Fill in the missing terms to complete the sentences.
1. The heart is enclosed in three linings: the ____________, the ____________, and the ____________.
2. There are four chambers in the heart, called the ____________, the ____________, the ____________, and the
____________.
3. When blood returns to the heart from the body, it enters the heart at the ____________; from there, it moves to
the ____________, which pumps it to the lungs to be re-oxygenated.
4. The blood moves back to the heart through the ____________ and into the ____________, which pumps it out
to the body.
5. Cessation of heart activity is called cardiac ____________________.
6. __________________ from within the heart stimulate it to pump.
7. When the heart malfunctions and beats too slowly, the phenomenon is called ____________. Conversely, if the
heart beats too fast, the condition is called ____________.
8. Tachycardia and bradycardia are occasionally also referred to as ____________ and ____________. However, the
word ___________ generally refers to a heart beat that is irregular at any speed.
9. A sufficiently higher-than-normal troponin level is an indicator of ____________.
10. The abbreviation for myocardial infarction is ____________.
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Exercises
Exercise 8-2 Converting Nouns to Adjectives
Convert each of the following nouns to its adjective form by using one of the
following suffixes: -al, -ar, -ic, -ous, -ated.
Noun
Adjective
1. septum
____________
2. ventricle
____________
3. oxygen
____________
4. atrium
____________
5. pericardium
____________
6. aorta
____________
7. valve
____________
8. serum
____________
9. endocardium
____________
10. epicardium
____________
11. membrane
____________
12. arrhythmia
____________
13. tachycardia
____________
14. bradycardia
____________
15. stenosis
____________
16. electrocardiography
____________
17. ventriculoscopy
____________
18. incision
____________
19. pericardium
____________
20. cardium
____________
Exercises
Exercise 8-3 True, False, and Correction
Read each statement, then indicate whether you think it is true or false. If false,
write the correct answer in the “Correction, if False” box at the right.
Statement
True
False
Definition
1. The term for inflammation of the
pericardium is valvulitis.
___
___
____________
2. Atriomegaly is enlargement of
an atrium.
___
___
____________
3. MI is the abbreviation that stands
for an abnormally rapid heartbeat.
___
___
____________
CHAPTER 8
Statement
THE HEART
101
True
False
4. Tachycardia is an abnormally
rapid heartbeat.
___
___
____________
5. Cardiotomy is the surgical repair
of an atrial septum.
___
___
____________
6. Softening of the heart is termed
cardiomalacia.
___
___
____________
7. A myocardiograph is used to examine
a heart ventricle.
___
___
____________
8. Cardiorrhaphy is a surgical repair of
a heart valve.
___
___
____________
9. The surgical procedure that involves
engaging the latissimus dorsi muscle to
stimulate the heart is a pericardiotomy.
___
___
____________
___
___
____________
10. Arrhythmia is the general term for
an irregular heartbeat.
Definition
Exercises
Exercise 8-4 Matching Terms with Definitions
Place the letter of the definition in the right column in the space next to the
matching term in the left column.
Term
1. ______ myocardial infarction
Definition
A. a separation between the two
ventricles of the heart
2. ______ aortic semilunar valve
B. inflammation of the pericardium
(the serous membrane lining the
pericardial cavity)
3. ______ intraventricular septum
C. the heart muscle, which includes
4. ______ endocardium
D. the valve leading from the right
5. ______ left ventricle
E. the serous membrane forming
6. ______ cardiologist
F. the heart’s inner surface
the nerves and blood vessels
atrium to the right ventricle
the outer lining of the heart
7. ______ myocardium
G. a heart specialist
8. ______ epicardium
H. heart attack
9. ______ pericarditis
J. the heart chamber responsible
for pumping oxygenated blood out
to the body
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BODY SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY
Term
Definition
10. ______ right atrioventricular
K. the valve leading out of the
(tricuspid) valve
left ventricle
11. ______ troponin
12. ______ septum
L. enlargement of the heart
M. coronary artery disease, which
refers to narrowing and/or blockages
of the heart muscle
13. ______ cardiomegaly
N. a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute
14. ______ tachycardia
O. a protein released into the blood-
15. ______ stenosis
P. disease of the heart muscle
stream when an MI occurs
16. ______ CAD
Q. a thin wall that separates cavities or masses
17. ______ atrioseptoplasty
R. a heart rate over 100 beats per minute
18. ______ cardiomyopathy
S. sudden cessation of heart activity,
not necessarily a result of MI
19. ______ bradycardia
T. surgical repair of an atrial septum
20. ______ cardiac arrest
U. a narrowing and/or blockage
Exercises
Exercise 8-5 Choosing from Options
Choose the term in the right column that correctly answers the question.
1. The names of two of the four heart chambers
come from the Latin word for “hall.” What is it?
_______________
2. Epicardium is the word for the outside of the
heart. Which part of the word means “outside”?
_______________
3. What part of the term myocardium refers to the
muscle in the heart? _______________
4. Since cardio refers to the heart, what does the
rest of the term cardiodynia mean?
_______________
5. Valvulitis indicates that a valve is what?
_______________.
6. The word “cardium” is the last part of
what term that refers to the inside of the
heart? _______________
Choices
atrium;
aortic;
atrial
epicard;
epi;
cardi
myocardi;
myocard;
myo
hardening;
pain;
softness
hardened;
inflamed;
infected
endocardium;
epicardium;
pericardium
CHAPTER 8
THE HEART
103
Choices
7. What is the surgical removal of a blockage
from a heart valve called? _______________.
valvulitis;
ventriculoplasty;
valvotomy
8. What separates the right atrium from the left
atrium and the right ventricle from the left
ventricle?
atria;
septa;
arrhythmia
9. What is the name of a valve that connects the
atrium to a ventricle?
aortic semilunar;
atrioventricular;
ventricular
10. What is the name given to a graphic trace of
heart functions?
cardiogram;
myocardiograph;
ventriculoscopy
Exercises
Exercise 8-6 Identifying the Structures of the Heart
Label the following parts of the heart on Figure 8-3.
8
7
6
1
5
2
3
4
FIGURE 8-3 Selected structures of the heart (Exercise 8-6).
aortic arch
left atrium
mitral valve
right AV tricuspid valve
intraventricular septum
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
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BODY SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY
Pre-Quiz Checklist
_____ Study the word roots specific to the heart (Table 8-1).
_____ Using the study table, practice pronouncing the terms learned.
_____ Review the definitions and etymologies listed in the study table.
_____ Check the exercises with the answers in the Appendix, and consult the study table
again to correct your errors.
Chapter Quiz
Write the answers to the following items in the spaces provided to the right.
1. What is the abbreviation for myocardial infarction?
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2. Which valve of the heart connects the right ventricle to the lungs?
2.
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3. What stimulates the heart to pump?
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4. Which is the lining of the pericardium that is closest to the heart?
4.
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5. What does arrhythmia generally refer to?
5.
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6. Which atrium receives the blood from the body?
6.
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7. What is the adjectival form of ventricle?
7.
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8. What is the function of a valve?
8
9. If someone has been diagnosed with CAD, does this mean
that he or she has had an MI? Explain.
9.
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10. Which heart ventricle would have to perform the strongest
pumping action, and why?
10.
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11. Name a surgical procedure involving removal of a heart valve.
11.
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12. What is a myocardial infarction, and what area of the heart
would be affected by it?
12.
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13. If an individual has had an MI (heart attack), does
this also mean that he or she has had a cardiac arrest? Explain.
13.
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14. Name the medical specialty dealing with the heart.
14.
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15. What is an electrocardiogram?
15.
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16. What would bradycardia and tachycardia indicate?
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