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Climate Science Lecture 2 1) Overview of the Climate System a) Components of the Climate i) Air, water, ice, land, and vegetation ii) These components are interrelated through numerous “internal” processes – change one and others change as well (1) Winds, precipitation, water freezing to ice, ice melting, water evaporating into the air, running water erodes land, cold temps may kill vegetation, etc. b) Forcing – term referring to the cause of changes to the system (one or most of the components) generally “external” c) Response – term referring to effect that the Forcing produces – “internal” 2) Agents of Climate Change a) External Forcing i) Tectonic Processes – slow of movement of the Earth’s surface due to internal heat (1) Mountains growing – Oceans created and destroyed – Relocation of land mass (2) Rate – millions of years ii) Earth’s orbital changes – variations in Earth’s position relative to the Sun (1) Causes changes in the radiation received and absorbed by Earth (2) Rate - 10s to 100s of thousands of years iii) Variations in the Sun’s energy output (1) The Sun has slowing strengthened since it formed 6 BYA (2) Solar output variation also occur a few years to decades scale (a) Sun spot cycles (11 years) b) Internal Forcing i) Anthropogenic – Human caused climate change (1) Farming changes to land and vegetation (2) Industry changes the air and water (3) And most other activities impact the climate system as well 3) Climate System Responses a) Response time – how long before you react and adjust to a change i) Human responses (1) Fast – you touch a hot object – less than 1 second (2) Slower – stay out in the sun – sunburn shows in minutes to hours (3) Very slow – exposed to flu – symptoms in days (4) Extremely slow – long term expose to carcinogens – cancer in years to decades ii) Climate response (1) Atmosphere – hours – sun rises and sets (2) Land – hours to months – soil slowly warms in spring before planting (3) Ocean surface – days to months (4) Vegetation – day to centuries (5) Sea Ice – weeks to annual cycles (6) Mountain glaciers – decades to centuries (7) Deep ocean – centuries to millennia (8) Continental glacier (ice sheets) centuries to 10s of millennia 4) Time scale of forcing vs response a) Slow force – fast response: track together – slow offensive player, fast defensive player b) Fast force – slow response: takes a long time to catch up – fast offensive player, slow defensive player c) Equal rates for forcing and response – even matched players d) Out of phase effect 5) Feedback – force A causes response B, which causes another force C, and A responds ,etc. a) Positive: if A and C cause similar response then B keeps moving in one direction i) Cold temp cause snow – snow reflects suns heat – making it colder – more snow b) Negative: when C cause opposite effect in A, thereby changing direction of B i) Warm temps cause evaporation – evaporation increases water vapor in air – more water vapor results in more clouds – more clouds lower temp