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Section 1
Key Term
Learning
Behaviorism
Associative
learning
Observational
learning
Classical
conditioning
Unconditioned
Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned
Response (UCR)
Neutral stimulus
Conditioned
stimulus (CS)
Conditioned
response (CR)
Acquisition
Generalization
Table Introduction
Chapter 8
Definition
Analogy
Permanent change in behavior due to experience
According to John B. Watson, a
If you can’t see it; you can’t
perspective of psychology that
measure it
suggests studies should be based on
scientific and observable behavior
Associating events in the environment Associating thunder/ lightning- you
with certain behavioral responses
hear thunder expect to see lightning
According to Albert Bandura, learning through observing the consequences
and rewards of others
According to Ivan Pavlov, a type of
Electrical fence example
learning where a neutral stimulus is
able to causes a response through
association with a natural stimulus
which already causes a response
Classical conditioning term
U in UCS stands for U don’t have
concerning a stimulus which naturally to learn this- it automatically
and automatically causes a response
happens/ shock
Classical conditioning term
U in UCR stands for U don’t have
concerning a response that is naturally to learn this- it automatically
and automatically caused by an
happens/ dog yelping
unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that does not elicit or
N for neutral stands for N for
cause a response
NOTHING- neutral stimulus does
nothing / tone
Classical conditioning- association
The C stands for “C” what I have
learning of a former neutral stimulus
LEARNED/ tone paired with shock
with an unconditioned stimulus that
CONDITIONED MEANS
will now cause a conditioned response LEARNED
Classical conditioning term of learned The C stands for “C” what I have
response caused by a conditioned
learned/ dog yelping to the sound of
stimulus which was formally a neutral the tone
stimulus
CONDITIONED MEANS
LEARNED
The learning process of presenting a
The dog is acquiring or learning
neutral stimulus before an
that every time it hears a tone it
unconditioned stimulus resulting in
expects to get a shock- after the dog
the neutral stimulus being associated
hears the tone it is continued to be
with the unconditioned stimulus now walked over the electrical fence
causing a learned response or
receiving a shock- the tone predicts
conditioned response
for the dog that it will get a shock
The tendency for other stimuli
generally similar to the original
conditioned stimulus to also cause the
conditioned response
“Generally speaking the stimulus is
similar to the original conditioned
stimulus
Section 1
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous
recovery
Reconditioning
Aversive
conditioning
Table Introduction
An organism’s ability to distinguish
between other stimuli and the
conditioned stimulus through the
conditioned response not being
displayed
Suppressing the conditioned response
through not presenting the
unconditioned stimulus after the
conditioned stimulus
The reappearance after a period of
time of the conditioned response to
the conditioned stimulus
Reintroducing the unconditioned
stimulus after extinction resulting in
a quick relearning of the conditioned
stimulus/response associating
Type of counterconditioning which
associates an unpleasant feeling with
an unwanted behavior
Conditioned
emotions
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner
demonstrated that emotions can be
classically conditioned
Second-order
conditioning
Associating the conditioned stimulus
with a new neutral stimulus allowing
this neutral stimulus to also cause the
conditioned response
Habituation
When a behavior is no longer
displayed or exhibited with the
continuous presence of a stimuli
Chapter 8
The dog can discriminate between
the tones because the tones are too
DIFFERENT
The E in extinction stands for
ELIMINATE the
CS-UCS association
Spontaneous recovery is the result
of the CR being displayed again
Reconditioning is the process of
REINTRODUCING the UCS being
given after the CS AGAIN
Aversive means BAD or
NEGATIVE- people who get sick
(unwanted feeling) when they drink
alcohol (unwanted behavior) may
not drink alcohol again
Little albert
Loud noise (UCS) = fear (UCR)
White rat= NS + loud noise (UCS)
White rat (CS) = fear (CR
Food (UCS) automatically causes
salivation (UCR)
NS= bell/ Bell + food= bell (CS)
causing salivation (CR)
Flashing light (NS) + Bell (CS) =
flashing light (CS) causing
salivation (CR)
Sensory adaptation is senses
adapting to an unchanging stimulus
Habituation is behavior adapting to
an unchanging stimulus like living
by an airport
Section 1
Table Introduction
Chapter 8
___ 1. An event or a stimulus that produces or
elicits an automatic or unlearned
response.
A) Extinction
___ 2. An automatic or unlearned response/
reaction that is preceded by an
unconditioned stimulus.
B) Spontaneous recovery
___ 3. A stimulus that does not elicit a
response prior to learning.
C) Discrimination
___ 4. An original neutral stimulus that has
been paired repeatedly with an
unconditioned stimulus that now causes
a learned or conditioned response.
D) Generalization
___ 5. A response or reaction elicited by a
conditioned stimulus.
E) Neutral stimulus
___ 6. The tendency for a conditioned
response to be elicited or caused by
similar stimuli compared to the original
conditioned stimulus.
F) Unconditioned response (UCR)
___ 7. The ability to distinguish between the
conditioned stimulus (CS) and similar
stimuli that are not associated with the
unconditioned stimulus and do not
cause a conditioned response.
G) Second or higher-order conditioning
___ 8. Refers to a second or new neutral
stimulus that is associated with a
conditioned stimulus that now also
causes the conditioned response.
H) Conditioned stimulus
___ 9. Occurs when a conditioned stimulus no
longer elicits a conditioned response
after repeated parings without the
unconditioned stimulus.
___ 10. Through the process of reconditioning
or quick reintroduction of the
unconditioned stimulus the abrupt
return of the CS-CR association.
I) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
J) Conditioned response
Section 1
Table Introduction
Answer Key
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Chapter 8