Download Learning

Types of Learning
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Behaviorists’ Style
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
• Learning is a relatively permanent change.
• Mental activity is irrelevant and unknowable
(‘30s-50s)
Other Classical Conditioning:
Examples
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Sound of a dentist’s drill: sweaty palms
Smell of mom’s laundry: smiling
Sight of certain restaurant: nausea
Noise of a can opener: cat comes
running
• Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity
How does this happen?
Classical Conditioning
• Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov
(‘20s)
Pavlov’s Observation
• Studied digestion in dogs
• Noticed something out of the
ordinary.
• Components
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 1
• Before Conditioning
• Food (US)  salivation (UR)
– Reflexive (or natural) response.
UNlearned
• Tone (CS)  nothing (CR)
Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 2
• CS is repeatedly paired with the US
– A tone is sounded before the food is
presented
Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 3
• Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR
– Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation
Demonstration
Pre-test: I say “Pavlov”
How much do you drool?
Acquisition: I say “Pavlov”
Eat a piece of smarties
Test: I say “Pavlov -test trial”
No smarties; How much do you drool?
Classical Conditioning
• Our demo
– Unconditioned Stimulus (US)?
– Smartie
– Unconditioned Response?
– Salivate to candy
– Conditioned Stimulus?
– “Pavlov!”
– Conditioned Response?
– Salivate to Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
• Stimulus generalization
• Stimulus discrimination
Classical Conditioning
• Terms to check:
• Acquisition
• Extinction
– Pavlov test trials
• Reacquisition or Spontaneous recovery
Time to learn:
• Generally people show CC after 10-15
trials.
• OCD after 3-5 trials.
• Autism condition faster.
• If you encourage the association.
• The more predictable the association,
the stronger the response.
Classical Conditioning Applied
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Drug overdoses
Smoking: environmental cues
Systematic desensitization
Advertising:
Advertisers
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Other associations
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Weather forecasters receive hate mail.
“Tupperware!” rather than “Bingo!”
Politicians holding babies.
Dirty by association: would you eat off a
clean toilet brush?
• Guilty by association.
Higher Order Conditioning
• Ex: Clap my hands and
say “Pavlov” and test
your response to my
clapping hands
• Pair CS1 with a new CS2
• CS2: CR
• But, CR will be weaker
CTA: single trial
• More likely with foods that are less familiar to
us.
• More likely if the illness corresponds with time it
takes to digest.
• Positive correlation b/w the intensity of the
illness, and intensity of the learned response.
• Complexities can occur i.e. smoking, drinking.
– Very familiar (other associations already formed)
– Blame on nausea producing pills.
Operant Learning
• Law of Effect
• Positive Reinforcer
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Types of Learning
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Observational learning
Operant Conditioning:
Examples
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Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums
Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums
Slot machine pays out: gamble more
Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit
How does this happen?
Operant Conditioning
• Law of Effect: actions that have positive
outcomes are likely repeated
• Skinner box
 chamber with a bar or key that an animal
manipulates to obtain food or water as reinforcer
• Shaping
 reinforcers guide behavior toward closer
approximations of a desired goal
Operant Conditioning:
Principles
• Reinforcement
– Positive reinforcement
– Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
– Positive punishment
– Negative punishment
Negative Reinforcement?!
• The words “positive” and “negative” are not
used as in ‘good’ or ‘bad’, but rather
mathematically “add” or “subtract”
• Therefore Negative reinforcement - takes
something away to reinforce behavior
• Reinforcement increases the chances the
behavior will happen again.
• Handout
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Extinction
• Must you be reinforced every time in
order for the behavior to continue?
– Interval (time) and Ratio (# of responses)
Schedules
– Which do you think produce most
responses?
– Fixed and Variable
– Which type is more resistant to extinction?
Schedules of Reinforcement
Observational Learning
 Observational Learning
 learning by observing others
 Modeling
 process of observing and imitating a specific
behavior
 Vicarious learning.
 Canned laughter on TV shows
 Phobia t-ment
 Bartenders putting tips in an empty jar.
• Increases in times of uncertainty and when we see a
similarity b/w self and model.
Observational Learning
of Aggression
• Bandura’s Bobo doll study
Free Will
• illusion?
• Skinner: the only freedom we have is to
arrange our own consequences
(environment) and not leave it up to
government or fate.
• Only by identifying the external factors
that give rise to “doing good” can we
bring them under control so that more
people will do good more often.
Classical versus Operant
Conditioning
Classical conditioning
– Learned association
between US and CS
– Organism is passive
– Response automatic
Operant conditioning
– Associate response
and reinforcement
– Organism is active
– Produces
consequences
Some Shared features
– Avoidance learning
– Extinction and spontaneous recovery
– Generalization and discrimination
Using a scale from -10 (most unpleasant experience you
can imagine) though 0 (neutral experience) to +10 (most
pleasant) rate:
• Imagine a bowl of your favorite soup
• Imagine a bowl of your favorite soup served in a brandnew bedpan.
• Imagine your favorite pizza
• Imagine your favorite pizza served to you on a brandnew fly swatter.
• Imagine your favorite drink.
• Imagine your favorite drink stirred with a brand-new toilet
brush.
Television and Observational Learning: Just a bit
weaker than cigs and cancer correlation
Negative Reinforcement?!
• Taking aspirin - removes headache and
increases chances you’ll take aspirin again.
• Hurry home to get out of the cold - removes
cold, increases chances you’ll hurry outside.
• Give into whining: removes annoying cries,
increases chances dog will whine again.
• Explain these: putting up an umbrella to stay
dry, putting your seatbelt on to stop annoying
sound, smoking to relieve anxiety.
• Be sure to explain what is being removed!