* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download biology - Napa Valley College
Survey
Document related concepts
Incomplete Nature wikipedia , lookup
Rotating locomotion in living systems wikipedia , lookup
Hologenome theory of evolution wikipedia , lookup
Genetics and the Origin of Species wikipedia , lookup
Symbiogenesis wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
The eclipse of Darwinism wikipedia , lookup
Evolving digital ecological networks wikipedia , lookup
Precambrian body plans wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY Outline TENTH EDITION Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson 1 Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry Dr Burns NVC Introduction Class organization, exams, grading Levels of Organization Energy Characteristics of life. Evolution How do we organize the biological world How do we study biology? What is the scientific method, how do we set up an experiment. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction I received my: BS in Zoology at UC Davis Masters in Ecology at UC Davis PhD in Pharmacology and Toxicology at UC Davis Then I volunteered at UC Davis Raptor Center Internships Internships are a great way to find out if you really enjoy working in your chosen field. I wanted to be a veterinarian – until I worked at the UC Davis Vet School My last summer as an undergraduate I did an internship with the National Park and UC Davis in Yosemite I found my niche 1 I knew that I wanted to work as a field biologist with birds of prey. When I graduated I went to work for the Peregrine Fund releasing young birds into the wild UC Santa Cruz My work with the peregrine falcons led me back to UC Davis. I received a masters degree from the Ecology Graduate Group – emphasis on toxicology But I still had many more questions, I needed more knowledge. My interest in metabolism increased. Prairie and Peregrine Falcons Back to Graduate School for the PhD Now I had more focus, and more background knowledge from the years of research at UC Santa Cruz and the masters program at Davis. Advice: Get involved in internships 2 Course Overview Biol 120 is a general biology class for science majors This class will focus on the cellular and molecular aspects of biology After this class you will take Zoology and/or Botany. The prerequisite for this class is Chemistry 120. You will need a good understanding of basic chemistry including metric system, molarity, atoms, and bonding The Path to Success Lecture attendance is critical for success in this course, most of the material that you are required to master is given in lecture. Come to lecture prepared. Read the assigned chapter before lecture. Do the homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website. Review material after each class, focus on the “important concepts”. Make study notes. Study daily, don’t cram for exams. Come to office hours Exams There are four lecture exams and one final exam. The final will be comprehensive There will be two lab practical exams. There may be pop quizzes given in class and lab. The quizzes will not be announced ahead of time. They are given at the start or end of class/lab. There is no make-up for missed pop quizzes (Come to class/lab on time) There will be homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website Exams will cover: The lectures and reading Late Exams If you have to miss an exam, you must contact me before the exam. If you have a documented medical excuse, you may make up the exam. But you must contact me before the scheduled exam. If you don’t contact me before the scheduled exam you will receive zero points for the exam. There will be no make up exams for the final, you will receive zero points if you miss the final. There are no make ups for the lab practicals Early Exams If you need to take the exam early, contact me as soon as possible. In order to take an early final you must receive written approval from the Office of Instruction and myself. Early exams will only be allowed in rare cases. Exams If you miss an exam and don’t contact me before the scheduled exam you will receive zero points for the exam. You may leave a message for me on my phone, or the biology dept phone number or email me. All make-up exams are given during the last week of lecture (the week before finals). 3 Cheating Cheating will not be tolerated If you cheat you will receive a zero for the exam and your name will be given to the VP of student services. A second incident will result in a zero in course. During exams, all packs, bags, phones, notes, jackets, hats, etc will be left at the front of the class. If you have notes or a cell phone with you at your desk during an exam you will receive a zero for the exam. Course Points Midterm Exams = 150 points (600 pts total) Final Exam = 200 pts Lab exams = 60 points each (120 pts total) Quizzes = 5 -10 points each Lab Participation= 28 points Homework = 5-20 Mastering Biology = 50 points In general the course will be graded on a straight 90, 80, 70, 60% Lab Occasionally laboratory time may be used to cover material that will be covered in the lecture exam. Cheating If you copy answers from another student you will be given a zero for the exam/homework. Plagiarism is a form of cheating, if you copy information from the internet, books, friends, etc and use it as your own work in a report, you will receive zero points. If you cheat, a report will be submitted to the VP of Student Services. Lab There will be 2 exams given in the laboratory, covering the material in laboratory. Read the lab assignment prior to the lab. How many lecture exams (not including the final) are there 1. 2. 3. 4. One Two Three Four I will check lab notebooks at the end of each lab period – therefore to get the points for the lab you need to be present at the beginning and the end of each lab 4 Is the final comprehensive? Can you take an exam early? 1. Yes 2. No 1. Yes 2. No 3. Possibly, if you contact me early, and have permission from the appropriate people 33% 33% s Ye 33% No ,i ly ou fy t ac nt co e m ... ib ss Po Can you make up missed quizzes Can you take an exam late? 33% 33% 33% 1. Sure – no problem 2. No possible way 3. Yes, if you contact me before the scheduled exam, and have a documented medical excuse Su re – no l ob pr em N o s po b si le w Ye ay s, Levels of Biological Organization y if ou ac nt co 1. Yes 2. No 3. Yes, with a medical excuse 33% 33% 33% Ye ... tm s N Ye Figure 1.4 o s, ith w a m ic ed al ... The biosphere Tissues Ecosystems Atom Organ System Molecule Organism Organelle Cell Organs and organ systems Population Community Communities Organelles Ecosystem Tissue Organisms Cells Atoms Biosphere Organ Populations Molecules 5 Figure 1.4j Figure 1.4i Chloroplast Atoms Chlorophyll molecule 1 m Organelles Molecules Molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded together, atoms are the smallest unit of an element. Figure 1.4h Organelles are membrane-bound internal compartment in cells for specialized functions Figure 1.4g Cell 10 m 50 m The cell is the smallest unit with the capacity to live and reproduce independently or as part of a multi-celled organism Figure 1.4f Organs are a combination of tissues that function together for a particular function. Tissues are organized collections of cells that function together in a specialized function Figure 1.4e Multi-celled Organism = Individual consisting of interdependent cells typically organized in tissues, organs, and organ system 6 Figure 1.4d Figure 1.4c Communities are populations of all species living together in the same area A population is a group of individuals of the same species, living together in the same area Figure 1.4b Figure 1.4a An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts. Biosphere: All regions of the Earth’s crust, water, and atmosphere with all the living species. All of the gray squirrels that inhabit Skyline Park describes a/an: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter 1. 2. 3. 4. Ecosystem Biosphere Community Population 20% 1 20% 20% 2 3 20% 4 20% The input of energy from the sun and the transformation of energy from one form to another make life possible When organisms use energy to perform work, some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat As a result, energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat 5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Figure 1.9 ENERGY FLOW Chemicals pass to organisms that eat the plants. Light energy Chemical energy Heat Plants take up chemicals from the soil and air. Decomposers return chemicals to the soil. Chemicals Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment Every organism interacts with its environment, including nonliving factors and other organisms Both organisms and their environments are affected by the interactions between them For example, a tree takes up water and minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air; the tree releases oxygen to the air © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6 Sunlight Leaves absorb light energy from the sun. CO2 Leaves take in carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. Sunlight O2 Water and minerals in the soil are taken up by the tree through its roots. When energy is used to do work, some energy is converted to thermal energy, which is lost as heat. An animal’s muscle cells convert chemical energy from food to kinetic energy, the energy of motion. Chemical energy Cycling of chemical nutrients Leaves fall to the ground and are decomposed by organisms that return minerals to the soil. Heat Producers absorb light energy and transform it into chemical energy. Chemical energy in food is transferred from plants to consumers. Animals eat leaves and fruit from the tree. Structure and Function Are Correlated at All Levels of Biological Organization: Form Fits Function. (a) Energy flow from sunlight to producers to consumers A plant’s cells use chemical energy to do work such as growing new leaves. (b) Using energy to do work Figure 1.7 Structure and function of living organisms are closely related For example, a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing the capture of light by chloroplasts (a) Wings (b) Wing bones For example, the structure of a bird’s wing is adapted to flight © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Is it alive? But sometimes it is not as easy to tell Sounds like an easy question to answer. Usually we can look at something and know if it alive. Looking closer you see signs of life Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 1. Contain biological molecules including: Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 2. Cellular Cells are the smallest unit of life Some organisms are composed of only one cells (unicellular) Other organisms are composed of many cells (multicellular) 9 The Cell Is an Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life All cells Are enclosed by a membrane Use DNA as their genetic information © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8 Eukaryotic cell Membrane A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus Prokaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Cytoplasm By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles Nucleus (membraneenclosed) Membraneenclosed organelles DNA (throughout nucleus) 1 m © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 3. Reproduce Simple one celled animals may reproduce asexually by dividing in half – producing two identical cells More complex multi-celled organisms may reproduce sexually, when genetic material is combined to produce a unique individual organism Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 4. Acquire and use energy - Metabolism Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a living organism Energy is taken in and used to perform work 10 Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 5. Growth and Development Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 6. Respond to environment Living organisms detect stimuli and respond to it. This can include movement Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological Systems Through metabolism, organisms obtain energy from nutrients and use this energy to grow and development Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 7. Maintain Homeostasis Homeostasis is the relatively constant and selfcorrecting internal environment of living organisms Animation: Negative Feedback Feedback mechanisms allow biological processes to self-regulate Negative feedback means that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced Positive feedback means that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Animation: Positive Feedback Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms 8. Populations of living organisms evolve and have adaptive traits Adaptive traits are those traits that help you survive and reproduce Members of the population that have adaptive traits survive better than members that lack those traits Which of the following is not necessarily a characteristic of life? 1. respond to environmental changes 2. metabolism 3. multicellular 4. reproduction What is the lowest level of biological organization that can perform all the activities required for life? 25% 25% 25% 25% 20% 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. s re nd po to e en nm iro nv lc ta ... is ol ab et m m ul m e tic llu r la p re 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 20% 20% 20% 20% organelle cell tissue organ system organism n io ct du ro 1. ne ga or lle 2. ll ce 3. t is su e n ga or 4. em st sy 5. ni ga or sm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology Organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors Evolution explains patterns of unity and diversity in living organisms Similar traits among organisms are explained by descent from common ancestors Classifying the Diversity of Life Approximately 1.8 million species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from 10 million to over 100 million Differences among organisms are explained by the accumulation of heritable changes © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Taxonomy Taxonomy Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest units of classification © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.15 (a) Domain Bacteria Bacteria – (Eubacteria) prokaryotic (no nucleus) Archaea – prokaryotic (no nucleus) Eukarya – Eukaryotic, have a nucleus 2 m Three domains: (b) Domain Archaea 2 m Three Domains (c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia 100 m Kingdom Plantae Protists Kingdom Fungi Figure 1.15a Figure 1.15b (a) Domain Bacteria 2 m 2 m (b) Domain Archaea 13 Figure 1.15c Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya: Protist – most are unicellular, all are eukaryotic (c) Domain Eukarya Protozoans, algae, water mold, slime mold Kingdom Animalia Plantae – multicellular, produce their own food using photosynthesis, eukaryotic, have cell walls Fungi – do not photosynthesize, absorb nutrients through hyphae, eukaryotic, have cell walls Animalia – multicellular, ingest other organisms for food, eukaryotic, lack cell walls Figure 1.14 Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain 100 m Kingdom Plantae Protists Kingdom Fungi Binomial system Ursus americanus (American black bear) Binomial system of nomenclature Ursus Names and classifies organisms Basic unit is a species Closely related species are grouped together in a genus (plural = genera) Each species assigned a two-part name: Name = genus and species (in italics) Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya Example Gray wolf = Canis lupus (C. lupus) Red wolf = Canis rufus (C. rufus) Coyote = Canis latrans (C. latrans) All of these are members of the Canis genus Unity in the Diversity of Life A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for example DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms Unity is evident in many features of cell structure © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Figure 1.16 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection 15 m 5 m Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 Darwin made two main points Cilia of Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification” Cilia of windpipe cells Paramecium 0.1 m Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and diversity © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.16 Darwin’s Observations 1. There is variation between individuals in a species 2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive 3. Species suit their environments Population Dynamics Fig. 1.8 Malthus proposed that populations increase geometrically but human food supplies increase arithmetically. POPULATION FOOD SUPPLY 15 Natural Selection Figure 1.20 From Darwin’s observations he inferred that: Organisms compete for resources, those with adaptive traits are better able to survive The survivors will produce more offspring and pass the adaptations on to their offspring 1 Population with varied inherited traits Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive success of individuals 2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits 3 Reproduction of survivors 4 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success Evolution In other words, the environment “selects” for the propagation of beneficial traits Darwin called this process natural selection Evolution is a genetically based change in a population over successive generations Fig. 1.6 Darwin proposed that natural selection could cause an ancestral species to give rise to two or more descendent species For example, the finch species of the Galápagos Islands are descended from a common ancestor Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their descendents © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Insect-eaters Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Evolution Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca Bud-eater Seed-eater COMMON ANCESTOR Warbler finches Figure 1.22 Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Population = A group of individuals of the same species, living together in the same area Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Tree finches Insect-eaters Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus Seed-eaters Ground finches Cactus-flowereaters Large cactus ground finch Geospiza conirostris A species is one kind of similar organisms whose members can interbreed with each other, and are reproductively isolated from other groups. Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis Populations can evolve (change over time) and adapt to its environment Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Evolution There are differences between organisms in a population Adaptations = characteristics that give an organism an advantage – increasing its chance to survive and reproduce. The Tree of Life “Unity in diversity” arises from “descent with modification” For example, the forelimb of the bat, human, and horse and the whale flipper all share a common skeletal architecture Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical unity from descent with modification © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Evidence for Evolution Fossil Record Age of the Earth – 4.5 billion years old Life on Earth – 3.5 billion years old Genetics Comparative anatomy Molecular evidence – DNA, proteins Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection Fossils and other evidence document the evolution of life on Earth over billions of years © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Fig. 1.10 Important concepts Reading for next lecture: Chapter 2 Know the vocabulary covered in the lecture What are the characteristics of living organisms Know the definition of evolution and natural selection, the observations and inferences Darwin made that led to his theory, the evidence for evolution Understand taxonomic classification (domains, kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial system. Characteristics of the domains and kingdom Important concepts Know the definition of evolution and natural selection, the observations and inferences Darwin made that led to his theory, the evidence for evolution Understand taxonomic classification (domains, kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial system. Characteristics of the domains and kingdoms 18